人体颈部动力学响应分析有限元模型的建立和验证

根据汽车碰撞事故中人体颈部损伤防护技术研究的需要。建立了一个人体颈部三维有限元模型。该模型参照人体解剖结构模拟了颈椎骨、椎间盘、小关节、韧带、肌肉和软骨等组织，共由15811个单元构成。各组织的材料特性采用了弹性、粘弹性、和刚性材料模型来描述．模型用前碰撞志愿者实验数据进行了验证。其头部的加速度、位移曲线与实验数据得到了较好的吻合。本文初步研究了软组织特性参数对于颈部运动的影响。该模型具有较高的生物逼真度，可对头颈部在汽车碰撞载荷条件下的加速度、速度、位移等动力学响应参数进行分析研究。     

植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域的研究进展与热点

[目的] 植物生物力学特性是水土保持植物措施研究的重要内容,在固土保水,阻流拦沙等方面发挥着重要作用。利用CNKI和Web of Science数据库检索植物生物力学特性相关文献,分析植物生物力学特性在水土保持研究领域的进展和未来发展趋势。[方法] 通过Citespace和VOSviewe软件对年发表论文数、热点期刊、主要研究国家、主要研究作者、关键词等进行可视化展示。[结果] 1990—2010年植物生物力学特性在水土保持领域研究的发文量较少,2010年以后,国内和国外的发文量都出现明显增长。在国际上,美国发表论文数位居首位,中国发文量位居世界第二,但研究成果的国际影响力还有待提升。国内形成了以胡夏嵩、格日乐、刘静、陈丽华为首的4大研究团队,国际上目前尚未形成权威的大型团队。[结论] 国内研究主要聚焦于沙漠植物和坡面植物生物力学特性分析,侧重于植物生物力学特性对其防风抗蚀作用的影响,国际上对坡面植物根系加筋作用、沙漠先锋植物防风抗蚀作用、水生植物的衰减波浪的作用均进行了研究,研究内容更加多元化。     

仿生学及生物力学研究综述

介绍了仿生学概念、分类、研究现状及其发展前景;生物力学概念、研究现状及其研究方法。阐述了研究仿生学及生物力学应用的重要意义。     

基于生物力学模型的拖拉机离合踏板人机工程设计

针对拖拉机离合踏板人机工程设计不足导致驾驶员容易产生疲劳的问题,该文搭建了驾驶员-离合踏板人机交互特性测试系统,基于试验结果分析了拖拉机驾驶员-离合踏板人机交互特性。在Any Body生物力学软件中建立了拖拉机驾驶员-踏板生物力学模型,并采用表面肌电测试结果验证了仿真模型的合理性。提出下肢关节出力程度为舒适性主观感受评价指标,基于仿真结果定量研究了离合踏板阻力和踏板布局对驾驶员踏板操纵舒适性影响规律和驾驶员人体尺寸对踏板布局的影响,给出不同人体百分位尺寸前提下踏板布局极限尺寸的推荐范围。通过优化踏板连杆长度、连杆夹角以及踏板-座椅布局降低踏板阻力,驾驶员下肢受力最大值从154 N降低到120 N,降低了22%,驾驶员下肢关节出力程度降低了20.98%,本文提出的研究方法及其研究结果可为拖拉机踏板人机工程设计提供参考。     

竹林地下系统结构及其生物力学研究进展

通过对竹林地下系统的结构,植物根系生物力学性质,植物根系与坡面稳定的关系以及今后竹林鞭根系统的研究重点等方面文献资料的检索,梳理了前人研究竹林地下系统结构及其生物力学研究的进展,提出了现有研究的不足以及今后的研究重点,以期为从事该项研究工作的人员提供较为全面的信息和参考。     

森林灭火作业中水囊背负的脊柱生物力学研究

为了评价森林灭火作业水囊背负时操作人员的脊柱受力,优化水囊背负的参数,建立了背负水囊与脊柱一体的生物力学模型,分析了背负水囊的质量、重心位置及人体背负姿势对第五腰椎与骶椎椎间盘L5/S受力的影响,并提出了有效减轻脊柱受力的水囊背负措施。结果表明:水囊的质量、重心位置和人体背负姿势均对L5/S内压有较大影响;为了保证脊柱受力安全,水囊背负质量应小于29kg;前屈姿势背负状态下,当人体上半身轴线与水平面夹角θ小于71°背负时,L5/S内压比直立姿势和θ大于71°的稍微前屈姿势背负时急剧增大,因此应尽量避免过度弯腰背负。     

High speed field kinematics of foot contact in elite galloping horses in training

Reasons for performing study: Mechanical characterisation of the high speed gallop has significant importance for animal welfare and basic biology. Kinematic parameters such as the velocity of each foot at contact can inform theories of why animals gallop, and supplant epidemiological investigation into the mechanisms of musculoskeletal injury. Objective: To determine the velocity at which the fore and hind hooves of elite galloping horses impact the surface. Methods: High speed videography was used to measure the horizontal and vertical velocity of the hoof immediately prior to impact, and the subsequent sink (vertical) and slip (horizontal) distances travelled by the hoof into the surface. Horse speed ranged from 11–19 m/s. In total 170 forelimb and 168 hindlimb foot falls from 89 horses were analysed. Results: Horizontal and vertical hoof velocity increased with speed (P<0.001). Horizontal hoof velocity was significantly greater in the hindlimbs compared to the forelimbs (P<0.001) and was greater in the nonlead limbs compared to the lead limbs (P<0.001). Vertical hoof velocity was significantly greater in the lead limb than the nonlead limb (P<0.001). Overall, forelimbs contacted the ground with a more acute velocity vector angle than hindlimbs (P<0.001). Lead limbs contacted the ground at more acute angles than nonlead limbs (P<0.001). Vertical and horizontal velocities were highly correlated to sink and slip distance. Conclusion: Hindlimbs impact the surface at higher velocity than forelimbs, which is likely to result in higher peak impact forces in the hindlimbs. This runs counter to the finding of lower incidence of injury in hindlimbs. Potential relevance: Explanations consistent with these findings include the hindlimbs more effectively dampening peak impact forces, or that other injury mechanisms, such as limb vibration and limb load at mid stance, play an important role in injury.     

What can we learn from visual and objective assessment of non-lame and lame horses in straight lines,on the lunge and ridden?

Traditionally and when using objective gait analysis, horses with and without lameness are most frequently assessed trotting in straight lines in hand. Valuable information can be gained from assessment on the lunge and ridden in walk, trot and canter. No studies have quantified lameness during all aforementioned conditions and gaits at once, despite the rapid recent development in equine gait analysis methods. Objective methodologies, previously confined to gait laboratories, are currently being expanded to field technologies using accelerometers and inertial measurement units (IMUs). This publication aims to describe normal gait and the spectrum of pain-related gait abnormalities and other musculoskeletal adaptations to pain that can be observed in walk, trot and canter during in hand and ridden assessment in straight lines and on a circle on hard and soft surfaces. In addition, it aims to describe briefly how IMUs have been used and areas for further research in the light of what we know from subjective lameness examinations and what is possible with IMUs.