青海玉树不同海拔高度草毡土微生物数量及影响因子

应用稀释平板法探讨了不同海拔高度土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量与生境的关系.结果表明,不同海拔样地真菌数量差异显著;AM-2样地细菌、真菌数量最大;AM-3的放线菌数量最大;而AM-4的细菌数量、真菌数量、放线菌数量均为最小值;相关性分析表明,细菌、真菌、放线菌与海拔、地下生物量呈显著正相关;与土壤含水量呈极显著负相关.这表明,土壤微生物受到地下生物量及土壤含水量影响最大.     

SDS-CTAB法提取烟草病圃土壤微生物总DNA

采用SDS-CTAB法提取了烟草病圃土壤中微生物的总DNA,经过纯化后获得的DNA大小约为21 kb,OD260/OD280高于1.70;用细菌和真菌保守序列引物进行PCR扩增,琼脂糖凝胶电泳能检测到预期大小的扩增条带。     

大豆与烤烟不同套作年限对根际土壤微生物数量的影响

为克服烟田连作障碍、提高烤烟产量和质量,以大豆套作烤烟为种植模式,调查大豆与烤烟不同套作年限下根际土壤三大类群微生物和与氮代谢相关的功能性微生物群落的数量变化及其与烤烟主要土传病害的发生情况之间的相互关系。结果表明,烤烟-大豆带状套作显著增加作物根际土壤的细菌(B)、放线菌(A)数量、B/F和A/F值,减少真菌(F)数量;也提高与土壤氮素代谢相关的氨化细菌、硝酸细菌、亚硝酸细菌、自生固氮菌等功能性微生物数量;烟豆套作能降低烤烟主要土传病害的发生,其发生程度与烤烟根际土壤细菌及放线菌数量显著负相关,而与真菌数量极显著正相关。随着套作年限的延长,根际土壤的细菌(B)、放线菌(A)、B/F和A/F值以及氨化细菌、硝酸细菌、亚硝酸细菌、自生固氮菌等有益菌群数量大幅度增加,真菌(F)及反硝化细菌的数量显著减少,对烟草土传病害的相对防治效果明显提高,以上效应表现为烤烟-大豆带状套作3年(A3)烤烟-大豆带状套作2年(A2)烤烟-大豆带状套作1年(A1)。     

不同种类微生物及其碳酸酐酶对土壤-灰岩系统钙镁锌元素迁移作用的土柱模拟实验研究

通过土柱模拟实验研究了筛选自西南岩溶区的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对石灰岩的溶蚀动态及作用效果,并研究了这3种类群微生物及其碳酸酐酶(CA)对土壤-灰岩系统Ca、Mg、Zn元素迁移的影响。结果表明:①实验所用的典型细菌、真菌、放线菌均对石灰岩有较强的溶蚀作用,但是不同类群的微生物对石灰岩的溶蚀效果不同,溶蚀后石灰岩的表面形貌变化不同,其中,真菌的溶蚀效果最显著,放线菌和细菌次之;②典型细菌、真菌、放线菌对不同元素迁移的影响不同,对于Zn2 、Ca2 的迁移影响而言,真菌>放线菌>细菌>无菌对照组;对于Mg2 的迁移影响而言,细菌>真菌>放线菌>无菌对照组;③一定范围内温度增加对Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的迁移有不同程度的促进作用;④土柱淋出液中CA平均活性与Ca、Mg、Zn3种元素的总淋失量之间存在一定的正相关关系,说明CA对这3种元素的迁移具有一定的影响,且因不同元素而异。本研究结果对于评价不同类群微生物在生物岩溶及岩溶系统元素迁移中的作用和地位提供了一定的科学依据。     

农村饮用水微生物检测的实验室管理

饮用水检测关乎民生,其中微生物的指标又直接反映着生活饮用水的污染程度,但微生物检验过程性质特殊,操作复杂,影响其检验质量的因素较多。本文通过探讨饮用水检测微生物实验室的质量管理措施,从室内质量控制和室间质量控制方面逐一分析,提出相应的质量控制措施,从而最大可能的避免实验误差和减少环境影响,提高人员素质和检测质量水平,确保检测结果的准确性。通过本文以期对饮用水微生物检验质量进行有效控制,为社会提供公正和可靠的数据,降低饮用水污染风险,更好地为农村饮用水微生物检测服务。     

植物单宁对微生物的抑制作用及其机制

通过植物单宁对植物病原和非病原物的作用机制的综述,单宁对微生物的抑制作用主要是因为单宁能与主要蛋白质如酶等形成氢键作用;其中单宁聚合体的分子大小是决定单宁对微生物毒性的重要因子,因为低聚体的体积足够以蛋白质形成氢键,又能够插入微生物的敏感部位,所以,低聚体对微生物有最强的抑制作用,而在实践中单宁的毒性是动态过程,单体的聚合作用也可以产生毒性,而低聚体的聚合使得单宁的毒性反而降低。     

污水净化过程中凤眼莲根区微生物的变化

研究了凤眼莲净化污水时,根区微生物的动态变化.结果表明:温度制约着凤眼莲及其根区微生物的净化效能,随温度升高,净化速度加快.凤眼莲根区细菌总数始终高于真菌总数,在污水净化中表现为主导作用.污水净化初期凤眼莲根表微生物增长迅速,随污水的不断净化,微生物逐渐减少,净化后期部分水体微生物呈现2次增长现象.     

微生物发酵饲料在畜禽养殖中的发展现状及应用

随着现代发酵技术的发展,为了提高饲料利用率、改善饲料品质、消除环境污染,微生物发酵饲料在畜牧业中发展迅速,前景十分广阎.综述了微生物发酵饲料发酵菌种、作用机理及微生物发酵饲料的应用,分析了微生物发酵饲料目前存在的问题和发展前景.     

Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) Composition and Its Dynamics in a Desert Soil System

The effect of environmental conditions, and especially soil water content, on microbial community structure was quantified during a 15-month sampling period (1994-1995) in a Negev Desert soil system by determination of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Two rainy seasons were observed during the study period: (1) the rainy season of 1993-1994, with a total rainfall of 58mm, and (2) the rainy season of 1994-1995, with a total of 140mm, which is 55% more than the multiannual average. Soil samples collected from the 0-10cm layer exhibited changes in soil moisture and PLFA composition. Palmitic acid (nC16:0) was found to be the most common acid, with a maximum abundance found in May 1994 (27.2%). Oleic acid (C18:1 omega 9) was found to be the second highest in abundance, with high levels in January 1994 (14%), decreasing gradually to 1.3% of total ion current in January 1995. This decrease was interpreted as being caused by abiotic factors affecting the microbial community, resulting in fatty acid profile and lipid abundance. Other acids were found to be present in relatively small amounts. The iC17:1 omega 9 and C18:2 omega 8, 11 were found among the major PLFAs during the study period. The data obtained in this study were found to be similar to data obtained in soils of temperate climates, in spite of the hypothesis that the total PLFAs of the desert soil microbes are triggered and depend on soil water availability. This can afford special data interpretation of the viable biomass of the soil microbes and their metabolic status.     

Evaluation of the Physio-Chemical and Microbial Properties of Green Tea Waste-Rice Bran Compost and the Effect of the Compost on Spinach Production

Abstract

To study the physio-chemical and microbial properties of green tea waste-rice bran compost (GRC), and feasibility of GRC as the alternative of agrochemicals for quality spinach production, five types of compost were prepared by mixing green tea waste and rice bran. The compost temperature was increased by adding rice bran to the green tea waste. The compost GC made from green tea waste alone contained a relatively large amount of nitrogen (7.55%). On the other hand, the compost RC made from rice bran alone contained a relatively large amount of minerals, such as phosphorus (0.49%), potassium (4.96%) and magnesium (2.28%). Addition of rice bran increased the total number of bacteria, viable bacteria and organic matter decomposing bacteria as well as actinomycetes population in the mature compost. The frequency of organic matter decomposing bacteria in GRC was in the following order: cellulolytic bacteria < pectolytic bacteria < lipolytic bacteria < amilolytic bacteria except RC. The growth of spinach was significantly increased over the untreated control (only soil) when GRC was applied in the field and growth pattern was depended on the nature of the composting materials. The highest fresh weight of 27.5 g plant-¹ and 45.4 g plant-¹ were obtained by applying the compost with 30% green tea waste + 70% rice bran (GRC-3) under field condition in autumn of 2004 and 2005, respectively. The highest growth enhance effect was also obtained from GRC-3 when three spinach varieties were grown with GRC under greenhouse condition. The amount of nitrate and oxalate in the spinach grown with GRC were ranged from 114.0 to 146.0 mg 100 g-¹ and 612.0 to 748.0 mg 100 g-¹ fresh weight, respectively. These values were below from the safety standard of health level of nitrate and oxalate for spinach. The amount of ascorbic acid, glutamic acid and iron in the spinach were increased by applying the compost. Among the five combinations of GRC, GRC-3 provided the best results in spinach production.