棕壤不同粒级微团聚体中磷素的保持与供应

采用对比法对采自辽宁省主要地区 1 8对不同肥力典型棕壤中不同粒级微团聚体内全磷的分布以及对磷素的保持与供应状况进行研究 ,结果表明 ,高肥土壤全磷平均含量为 0 .61 1± 0 .1 83g/kg ,低肥的为 0 .379± 0 .0 95 g/kg ;高肥土壤平均吸附磷量为 1 2 7.1± 37.1 7g/kg ,低肥的为 2 33.2± 4 7.2 8g/kg;解吸磷和解吸率高肥的为 2 6.8± 1 0 .77g/kg和 31 .65± 2 5 .66% ,低肥的为 2 1 .3± 8.98g/kg ,和 9.62± 4 .99% .高肥土壤中各粒级微团聚体的全磷含量、磷素的解吸及其解吸率都高于低肥的对应值 ,其中 ,1 0～ 5 0 μm微团聚体中磷素储量最大 ,<1 0 μm微团聚体在磷素的吸附和保持方面贡献最大 ,因此可以把它们作为棕壤的特征微团聚体 .     

白浆土、黑土、草甸土土壤颗粒组成及微团聚体比较研究

用吸管法测定白浆土、黑土和草甸土的土壤颗粒组成和微团聚体,结果是白浆土普遍存在有粘化层,粘粒的淋淀指数为1.32—3.86,以典型白浆土粘化较重,淋淀指数达2.95～3.86;草甸白浆土和潜育白浆土淋淀指数为1.32—2.55。草甸土和黑土一般无粘化层。粉粒的淋淀指数,白浆土较小,说明粉粒在白浆层中有积累。土壤中的微团聚体组成变化比较复杂,三种土壤之间无一定规律。总的说来,因受腐殖质的影响,三种土壤表层分散系数较低,一般均小于10％;白浆土的分散系数较大,下部土层达20—37％,说明白浆土的母质有较大的分散性。有些黑土和草甸土分散系数虽大,但粘粒没有发生悬浮迁移,这可能与土壤渗透性弱有关。     

施用有机物料对潮土及其微团聚体性能的影响——Ⅱ.对微团聚体阳离子代换量和铵吸持能力的影响

在3种潮土中加入5%的麦秸、猪粪和马粪进行盆钵培养,结果表明:施用有机料的初期,土壤的阳离子代换量下降,后期逐渐提高,并超过原来的水平。不同大小的微团聚体代换量不同。施用有机物料引起土壤吸持铵的能力下降。有机处理中,以猪粪处理吸附铵的量最大。不同大小的微团聚体对铵的吸贮释供能力不同。施用有机物料对不同粒级微团聚体吸持NH_4~+的能力的影响不同。     

冻融作用对土壤微团聚体特征及分形维数的影响

为了研究冻融作用对土壤微团聚体特征和分形维数的影响,本试验以东北地区典型土壤-棕壤为研究对象,通过室内人工控温冻融培养,测定分析不同含水量条件下,不同冻融频次处理后土壤水稳性微团聚体组成、平均质量比表面积(MWSSA)、平均质量直径(MWD)和分形维数(D)等特征指标.结果表明:供试土壤经冻融循环处理后,不同粒级微团聚体含量的变化趋势不尽相同,除0.005 ～0.001 mm外,含水量对其他粒级微团聚体含量的影响均达到了显著或极显著影响,冻融次数对各级微团聚体含量均达到了显著或极显著影响;土壤平均质量比表面积随着冻融次数和土壤含水量的增加先减小后增加;土壤平均质量直径随冻融次数的增加先增加后减小,随土壤含水量的增加先减小后增加;分形维数随着冻融次数的增加先减小后增加,随土壤含水量的增加呈波动式变化.冻融处理使土壤微团聚体的稳定性先增强后减弱,适宜含水量可增加土壤微团聚体的稳定性.     

Soil microaggregates stability under different land use types in southeastern Nigeria

Low water stability of soil microaggregates accentuated by increased intensity of cultivation, high soil erodibility and climatic erosivity has become a major cause of increased water erosion process on agricultural lands in Imo State, southeastern Nigeria. Consequently; it has remained one of the most serious soil physical constraints to increased and sustained high level crop production in the area. Thus, this study was conducted in 2006 to quantify the effects of different land use types (LUTs) on the water stability of their various soil microaggregates in the area. Six LUTs [natural forest (NF); oil palm plantation (OPP); plantain plantation (PP); rubber plantation (RP); bush fallow (BF) and continuous cassava cropping (CCC)] were chosen for the study. Under each LUT, traverses were cut at equal intervals to obtain three plots per LUT that served as replications. From each plot, bulk samples were collected from 15 sampling points at 0–20 cm soil depth for determination of aggregate stability and other soil properties. The soil microaggregate stability was measured by clay dispersion ratio (CDR) and aggregated silt and clay, ASC (%) indices. Results showed that the CDR obtained from soil under NF LUT was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) lower (implying higher microaggregate stability) than what were obtained from other LUT soils. Conversely, the CDR of soils under CCC was significantly higher (indicating lower microaggregate stability) than what were obtained under other LUT soils. The relative increase (%) in CDR or decrease in microaggregate stability over the control (NF soil) were 16.67, 54.76, 57.14 and 78.57 for soils under OP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively. Similarly, the ASC (%) under NF soil was significantly (P ≤ 0.05) higher (indicating higher microaggregate stability) than those of other LUT soils. Contrarily, the ASC (%) of CCC, soil was significantly lower (lower microaggregate stability) than other LUT soils. The relative reduction (%) in ASC or microaggregate stability of the soils over the control (NF soil) stood at 25.37, 44.03, 44.03, 44.03 and 62.69 for soils under OPP, PP, RP, BF and CCC LUTs respectively.     

Change in the hydraulic properties of a Brazilian clay Ferralsol on clearing for pasture

Ferralsols under native vegetation have a weak to moderate macrostructure and a well-developed microstructure corresponding to subrounded microaggregates that are usually 80 to 300 μm in size. The aim of this study was to analyze how the hydraulic properties of a clay Ferralsol were affected by a change of structure when the native vegetation is cleared for pasture. We studied the macrostructure in the field and microstructure in scanning electron microscopy. The water retention properties were determined by using pressure cell equipment. We determined the saturated hydraulic conductivity, K_s, by applying a constant hydraulic head to saturated core samples, and the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, K(Ψ), by applying the evaporation method to undisturbed core samples. Results showed a significant decrease in the water retained at −1 and −10 hPa from 0- to 40-cm-depth when the native vegetation is cleared for pasture. That decrease in the water retained was related to a smaller development of microaggregation and greater proportion of microaggregates in close packing. For smaller water potential, there was no difference of water retained at every depth between native vegetation and pasture. Pedotransfer functions established earlier for Brazilian Ferralsols and using clay content as single predictor gave pretty good results but the precision of the estimation decreased when the water potential increased. This decrease in the precision was related to the lack of predictor taking structure into account. K_s and K(Ψ) showed an upward trend with depth under native vegetation and pasture. Except at 0–7-cm depth between the Brachiaria clumps in the pasture where smaller K_s and K(Ψ) than at the other depth was recorded whatever land use, we did not record any significant difference of K_s and K(Ψ) at every depth between native vegetation and pasture. The upward trend shown by the hydraulic conductivity with depth was related to the increase in the development of microaggregation with depth.     

Colloidal stability in some tropical soils of southeastern Nigeria as affected by iron and aluminium oxides

The stability of microaggregates in soils as opposed to its dispersion is a very important soil phenomenon that checks degradation arising from unguided tillage and soil erosion. Ten soils from southeastern Nigeria were sampled from their typical A and B horizons for the study. The aim was to identify the extent of colloidal stability of the soils and the forms of Fe and Al oxides in the soils contributing to their stability. The soils are mostly Ultisols and Inceptisols formed on sandstones and shale parent materials. The soils are low in soil basic cations including the soil organic carbon (SOC). The major clay mineral is kaolinite while the soil is acid in reaction. The various forms of soil Fe and Al oxides are high with the total forms of Fe and Al being most dominant and > dithionite extracted Fe and Al > oxalate extracted Fe and Al > pyrophosphate extracted Fe and Al. The water-dispersible clay and silt (WDC) and (WDSi) which are index of dispersion in most soils are low to medium thus reflecting in the low to medium dispersion ratio (DR). The clay flocculation index (CFI) and aggregated silt + clay (ASC) were moderate to high implying the high potential stability of the soils. Soil organic carbon did not seem to be contributing much to the stability of the microaggregates while oxalate and pyrophosphate extractable Fe (Fe_ox, Fe_p) and to some extent total Al (Al_t) were among the different forms of oxides that act as aggregating agents. We propose here that rather than SOC acting as a disaggregating agent in the soils, it might have acted in association with these oxides in a linkage or bridge such as C–P–OM–C to ensure stability of the soils.