应用^32P和^86Rb对泡桐丛枝病病枝,叶吸收磷钾规律的研究

泡桐丛枝病在我国发生普遍,特别是在河南、山东和陕西关中地区危害严重,群众称之为泡桐的癌症。该病病原在1967年被日本人确定为类菌质体(MLO)。我国有不少人对这一病害作过研究,并取得了一定成绩。为了寻求更有效的防治措施,我们曾对该病进行了较为系统、全面的调查研究,对土壤中N、P、K含量的百分比值与感病指数间的关系,应用通径分析法进行研究,发现磷含量越高,发病越轻;钾含量越高,发病越重。经回归分析得知感病指数与P/K比值成反相关。在此基础上,对泡桐丛枝病病枝、叶对磷钾的吸收规律及不同种泡桐苗木吸收磷钾情况进行了同位素示踪试验。     

林龄、叶龄对亚热带杉木人工林碳氮稳定同位素组成的影响

[目的]研究5个不同林龄(3,8,14,21,46年)、不同叶龄(当年生、1年生、2年生、3年生)杉木人工林叶片的碳、氮稳定同位素组成,并根据它们对氮循环等过程的指示作用来探索不同林龄、叶龄杉木人工林氮循环过程及氮饱和程度的差异,从而为不同生长阶段杉木人工林制定施肥措施提供科学依据.[方法]以福建南平峡阳林场5块相互毗邻的不同林龄杉木人工林为研究对象,在每个林龄的林分内分别设置4个20 m ×20 m的试验小区.分别采集不同林龄杉木活叶并根据“主干法”将采集的杉叶分为不同叶龄,然后在每个小区内采集0 ～ 10 cm深度土层的土样,用同位素质谱仪测定它们的碳、氮稳定同位素组成(δ13C,δ15N),用碳氮元素分析仪测定叶片氮含量,叶片15N富集指数由叶片δ15N值减去相应的土壤δ15N得到.[结果]叶片δ15N值的变化范围为-2.52‰～2.81‰,叶片氮含量的变化范围为7.72％～13.5％,二者在不同林龄间均具有极显著差异,并均呈现出幼林和老林较高、处于速生期的林分较低的趋势,且叶片δ15N值与叶片氮含量之间存在显著的相关性,但不同叶龄叶片δ15N值间则不具有显著差异;不同林龄叶片的15N富集指数存在显著差异,呈现出幼林与老林叶片15N富集指数较接近于0的趋势;叶片δ13C的变化范围为-29.93‰～-27.88‰,不同林龄间差异不显著,但同一林龄不同叶龄叶片的δ13C则有显著差异,且有随着叶龄增大而减小的趋势.[结论]不同林龄叶片δ13C差异不显著但呈现幼年较低的趋势,可能是不同树高导致不同林龄杉木水分利用效率间的差异所致,而同一林龄不同叶龄杉木δ13C间的显著差异则可能是光合作用效率不同造成的.不同林龄在叶片δ15N、叶片氮含量、叶片15N富集指数间的显著差异均指示出处于速生期的林分氮饱和程度显著低于幼林和老林,这说明虽然我国亚热带地区氮沉降现象严重,但氮素仍是限制处于速生期杉木人工林生长的因素.     

More evidence that anaerobic oxidation of methane is prevalent in soils: Is it time to upgrade our biogeochemical models?

Estimating future fluxes of CH₄ between land and atmosphere requires well-conceived process-based biogeochemical models. Current models do not represent the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM) in land surface soils, in spite of increasing evidence that this process is widespread. Our objective was to determine whether AOM, or potential AOM, commonly occurs in 20 hydromorphic soils spanning a wide range of chemical properties. Bulk soil samples were collected under shallow water near the shoreline of 15 recently drained fish ponds in southern Bohemia (Czech Republic), as well as from below the water table at 3 peatland locations in northeast Scotland and 2 acid sulfate soils on the southern coast of Finland. Each soil slurry was incubated under both oxic and anoxic conditions, with or without the addition of alternative electron acceptors (SO₄²⁻ and NO₃⁻) or H₂PO₄⁻. Here, “oxic” and “anoxic” conditions refer to anoxic soil respectively incubated in a headspace containing air or argon. Using the isotope dilution method, we determined the gross production and oxidation rates of CH₄ after 2 days incubation under oxic headspace conditions, and after 2, 21 and 60 days incubation under anoxic conditions. Large differences in net CH₄ fluxes were observed between soil types and between incubation conditions. AOM was detected in each of the 20 bulk soil samples, which spanned >6 pH units and 2 orders of magnitude in organic C content. Significant positive relationships were found between AOM and gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic conditions, resulting in AOM rates that were sometimes higher than CH₄ oxidation rates under oxic headspace conditions. There was no relationship between net and gross CH₄ production rates, such that 2 soil types could display similar low net rates, yet conceal very large differences in gross rates. The effects of alternative electron acceptors on AOM were idiosyncratic and resulted in no net trend. We did find, however, a negative effect of SO₄²⁻ and H₂PO₄⁻ on gross CH₄ production rates under anoxic and oxic conditions respectively. Under oxic headspace conditions, CH₄ oxidation was related to soil organic C content. Taken collectively, our results suggest that AOM, or potential AOM, is prevalent over a wide range of soil types, that AOM may contribute substantially to CH₄ oxidation in soils, and that AOM in soils should be integrated to current process-based CH₄ cycling models.     

Residual nitrogen effect of clover-ryegrass swards on yield and N uptake of a subsequent winter wheat crop as studied by use of N methodology and mathematical modelling

The residual effect of 2-year-old swards of clover-ryegrass mixture and ryegrass in monoculture on yield and N uptake in a subsequent winter wheat crop was investigated by use of the ¹⁵N dilution method and by mathematical modelling. The amount of N in the wheat crop, derived from clover-ryegrass residues was 25–43% greater than that derived from residues of ryegrass which had been growing in monoculture. Expressed in absolute values, the N uptake in the subsequent winter wheat crop was 23–28 kg N ha ⁻¹ greater after clover-ryegrass mixture than after ryegrass in monoculture. Up to about 54 kg N ha⁻¹ of the N mineralised from the clover-ryegrass crop was calculated to be leached, whereas only 11 kg N ha⁻¹ was leached following ryegrass in monoculture.     

A yield-independent, 15N-isotope dilution method to estimate legume symbiotic dependence without a non-N2-fixing reference plant

The proportional contribution of atmospheric N₂ to the N nutrition of lupin (P _atm) was estimated in a field experiment following addition of NH₄Cl of KNO₃ to unconfined microplots (1.5 m²) at 2.5 g N m^-2 (10 atom% ¹⁵N). The integrated ¹⁵N enrichment, or mean pool abundance, of nitrate extracted from 0- to 15-cm samples taken under the lupin crop on eight occasion between 28 and 190 days after sowing was used as the reference criterion to estimate P _atm by the ¹⁵N-isotope dilution technique. Estimates of P _atm were similar to those obtained using canola as a non-fixing reference plant, but were higher than estimates obtained using a yield-dependent model. Use of mean pool abundance obviates the need for a non-fixing reference plant, and the frequent sampling and isotope-ratio analysis of the legume biomass required with the yield-dependent model is unnecessary. However, further work is needed to validate a sampling strategy commensurate with the growth of the legume roots.     

Historical change of soil Pb content and Pb isotope signatures of the cultural layers in urban Nanjing

Soils in urban areas are often artificially formed and preserved as cultural layers in which soil materials are mixed with artifacts. The vertical change of soil properties denotes the historical change of human activities, and therefore, urban soil can be considered as a record of history of urban development. We studied a deep profile of urban soil (600 cm) in Nanjing, China, by intensively sampling at every 5 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for lead content. Charcoal from several layers was found and was dated using ¹⁴C to recognize archaeological cultural layers that might be formed in different Chinese dynasties. Pb isotope ratios were determined by thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technology. The study found that artificial deposition, i.e., the formation of cultural layer started about 1700 years ago and lasted until recently. All cultural layers above the original loess were heavily contaminated by Pb with total content varying from 100 mg kg^− 1 to more than 2000 mg kg^− 1. There were several historical periods in which Pb content peaked, indicating significant contamination by human activities, such as ancient ore smelting for various purposes and use of Pb-containing materials for handicraft manufacture. Various Pb isotope ratios of the cultural layers differed substantially from that of the original undisturbed loess in the deepest position. ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb value decreased gradually from the bottom layer to top layer, although with occasional exceptions, indicating a long-lasting mixing of extraneous sources of Pb during the entire history since ca. 300 A.D. In comparison with the isotope ratios of lead ores of different sources and that of aerosols, it was illustrated that the source of Pb in cultural layers might come from lead ores of southern China in the earlier dynasties, while Pb from north China might have contributed to the Pb source in the more recent years, suggested by the lowering of ²⁰⁶Pb/²⁰⁷Pb ratio in the near-surface cultural layers. However, the impact of petrol burning on cultural layers was basically excluded, considering the relatively short history of petroleum use in this area.     

Nitrogen isotope analysis of free glycine in soil using isotope dilution mass spectrometry

To enable the estimation of production and consumption rates of free glycine in soils through ¹⁵N isotope dilution experiments, an isotope dilution mass spectrometric method was developed. The method, which enabled high precision N isotope ratio determination of glycine in soil extracts at δ¹⁵N levels up to 4000‰ and concentrations from approximately 2 μM, is based on the following steps: (i) addition of glycine spike to the soil extract, (ii) removal of humic substances and pre-concentration of glycine using solid phase extraction, (iii) derivatization of amino acids, (iv) separation of the derivatives using gas chromatography (GC), (v) their combustion to yield sample N₂ gas, and (vi) finally the use of N isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS). Judging by uncertainty budget calculations, the precision obtained (SD=0.01-0.06 at% ¹⁵N) is sufficient for detecting differences in N isotopic ratios obtained in ¹⁵N isotope dilution experiments.     

Uncertainties in static closed chamber measurements of the carbon isotopic ratio of soil-respired CO2

The δ¹³C of soil-respired CO₂ (δ_r) is frequently determined using static closed chamber methods. δ_r is obtained as the intercept of the least squares linear regression of δ vs 1/C*, where measured δ¹³C-CO₂ (δ) and volume fraction of CO₂ (C*) values of chamber headspace samples are used. Theoretically, we show that the variance of the estimate of δ_r can be reduced by extending the 1/C* interval of the regression towards (i) higher or (ii) lower values, or (iii) distributing the 1/C* values optimally within the pre-selected headspace CO₂ sampling time period. Experimental applications of these approaches indicated that: (1) lowering the initial CO₂ level, thereby increasing 1/C*, yielded a positive bias to the δ_r result. (2) It was feasible to obtain lower variance in the δ_r estimate by lowering 1/C* values through extended CO₂ sampling time. We also recommend that each chamber is sampled only once, mainly because this allows freedom to select the sampling times, in order to optimize the distribution of 1/C* values.     

Phosphorus requirements and nitrogen accumulation by N2-fixing and non-N2-fixing leguminous trees growing in low P soils

The variation in P uptake and use efficiency and N accumulation by Gliricidia sepium (N₂-fixing tree), Senna siamea and S. spectabilis (leguminous non-N₂-fixing trees) were examined in the field at Fashola (savanna zone), southwestern Nigeria, using four P rates, 0, 20, 40 and 80 kg P ha^-1. Growth of G. sepium and S. spectabilis responded to P application at 24 weeks after planting (WAP) and average yield increases of 58% and 145% were observed by the application of 40 kg P ha^-1 for the two species, respectively. Such a P response was not found in S. siamea at 24 WAP and for any of the species at 48 WAP. G. sepium accumulated more P (on average 162%) than S. siamea and S. spectabilis at 24 WAP and had greater root length and a higher percentage of mycorrhizal infection. However, at 48 WAP S. siamea had 2.5 times more P than G. sepium. Differences in the physiological P use efficiency (PPUE) between G. sepium and the non-N₂-fixing trees were significant at the 0 P level, being higher for S. siamea (average, 0.61 g shoot mg^-1 P) than for G. sepium (0.27 g shoot mg^-1 P). G. sepium had a consistently lower atom % ¹⁵N than S. spectabilis, while that of S. siamea for most of the time did not differ from that of G. sepium. The reference plant affected N₂ fixation extimates, with negative values and a higher variability (CV 60%) associated with S. siamea than with S. spectabilis (CV<20%). Consequently, S. spectabilis was selected as a better reference plant for measuring N₂ fixation in G. sepium. G. sepium fixed on average 35% and 54% of its N at 24 and 48 WAP, respectively. Except at the lowest P rate, percentage and amount of N fixed were not generally enhanced by P application.     

茶叶中铅来源分析及相应去除对策

利用先进的同位素技术手段揭示我国某地茶叶中的铅来源,同位素示踪显示,除部分铅来源于土壤,茶叶中还有一部分铅来自于大气沉降物。为此,加强土壤修复治理和大气环境保护,控制汽车尾气排放、燃煤污染,减少道路交通及建设扬尘,是减轻茶叶铅污染的重要措施。