Pharmacokinetics and Effects of Alkalization During Oral and Intravenous Administration of Naproxen in Horses

The use of suitable therapeutic protocols is particularly important when extra-label drugs are used or when physiological parameters are modified, as in the case of the administration of alkaline substances to racehorses. The pharmacokinetics of naproxen (NAP), after both intravenous (iv) and oral administration of 10 mg/kg body weight (BW), was investigated in horses under normal metabolic conditions and in horses whose conditions were modified by the iv administration of 250 mg/kg BW of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃). The hypothesis that blood and consequent urinary alkalization could modify NAP pharmacokinetics was evaluated. Drug quantification was performed on serum and urine using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) with ultraviolet-visible detection. Results were also integrated with cycloxygenase (COX)-inhibition published data to suggest an appropriate schedule for NAP dosage in horses. After iv administration, NAP was rapidly distributed (t_1/2α: 0.71 ± 0.43 iv NaHCO₃ and 0.55 ± 0.62 hours No NaHCO₃), whereas its elimination was quite slow (t_1/2β: 6.74 ± 0.41 hours), particularly in iv NaHCO₃ animals (t_1/2β: 8.95 ± 1.37 hours). After oral treatments, NAP was more rapidly absorbed and elimination was slower in iv NaHCO₃ animals (t_1/2λ_z: 17.50 ± 6.66 vs. 7.17 ± 0.91 hours). The oral bioavailability of NAP was approximately 87% and 77% in No NaHCO₃ and iv NaHCO₃, respectively. Urinary excretion of the drug as a parent compound was low. The alkalization procedure did not anticipate the elimination of the acidic drug as expected, but it also influenced the absorption of the drug that was administered orally. The dosage scheme of 10 mg/kg BW iv or orally seems to be appropriate to produce an anti-inflammatory effect for 12 to 24 hours.     

大庆市不同土壤类型盐碱化特征及评价

采用野外调查与试验分析相结合的方法,对大庆市五区四县不同类型土壤的全盐量、阴离子组成、pH值、总碱度、交换性Na+和碱化度等指标进行了研究,并运用主成分分析对主要土壤类型的盐碱化进行了综合评价。结果表明:大庆市主要土壤类型的全盐量和碱化度,在盐碱土中最高,分别为3.307g/kg和33.464%;在黑钙土中最低,分别为0.693g/kg和1.823%。全盐量和碱化度在各土壤类型中的排序一致,为:盐碱土草甸土沼泽土风沙土水稻土黑钙土。各土壤类型的阴离子组成主要以HCO3-为主,且HCO3-的质量分数随土壤全盐量的增加而增加,SO24-和Cl-,CO32-的质量分数最少。盐碱土中Cl-的质量分数小于SO42-的质量分数,故其属于硫酸盐苏打盐渍土。不同土壤类型的全盐量与各阴离子的相关性有显著差别,除沼泽土外,其他土壤类型全盐量越高,与阴离子的相关性越显著。碱化度与交换性Na+有极显著相关性。pH值与总碱度呈极显著相关。主成分分析结果显示,大庆各土壤类型的盐碱化状况为:盐碱土草甸土沼泽土风沙土黑钙土水稻土。     

碱化橄榄油加工废弃液对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

通过研究橄榄油加工废弃液对玉米种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响,为橄榄油废弃物利用以及农田环境保护提供参考。将橄榄油加工废弃液（10%~60%）用0.10% Na₂CO₃碱化处理,考察其对玉米种子萌发、幼苗生长以及生理生化特性的影响。30%碱化废弃液能显著促进玉米种子萌发和幼苗生长,随废弃液浓度升高,种子萌发率显著降低,幼苗生长和生物量受阻,幼苗整齐度降低,叶片O₂ ^-·产生速率先升高后降低,H₂O₂、游离脯氨酸、可溶性糖和丙二醛含量显著增加,超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶     

内蒙古河套灌区碱化土壤的发生原因和特性

本文简述了内蒙古河套灌区自然概况，盐渍化演变过程和碱化土壤的改良现状。着重揭示灌区内碱化土壤的发生原因、类型、性质和特点。该地区碱化土壤发生原因：１．灌区内最严重的碱化土壤大部分因地下水含大量残余碳酸钠，在干旱气候条件下经强烈蒸发而成。主要特点是通体碱化度高，改良难度大。２．地下水和地表水中的钠离子，受各种因素影响在土体中富集并进入土壤吸收性复合体而使土壤碱化。这部分碱化土壤一般表层碱化度较高，而     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土碱化参数与特征

对大安市苏打碱土的主要碱化特征参数：土壤碱化度（ESP）、总碱度、pH等指标进行了测试分析。分析了该类型土壤碱化特征及其垂直分布态势。结果表明，土壤可溶性离子组成以Na^1NHCO3^-离子为主，两者占可溶性阳离子、阴离子总量的比例均在70％～80％以上，NaHCO3是造成该土壤碱化和性质恶化的主要因素。在20～80cm内出现一个明显的碱化层，该层ESP在25％～30％以上，pH〉10．3，在此范围之外，土壤碱化特征均有减弱趋势。土壤ESP与土壤禽盐量、总碱度和pH均具有相关性，ESP随土壤含盐量、总碱度的增大而增大。     

Aphidicidal activity of a novel botanical insecticide made by alkalization of bamboo tar

Bamboo tar is a water-insoluble semi-solid waste generated from bamboo charcoal processing, and its increasing accumulation threatens environment and sustainability of the charcoal industry that enhances the economic value of bamboo forestry in southern China. Here we converted bamboo tar to a completely water-soluble sodium salt through full alkalization with NaOH and evaluated its insecticidal activity against the cotton aphid Aphis gossypii, the soybean aphid Aphis glycines and the green peach aphid Myzus persicae in laboratory bioassays and field trials. The tar salt LC₅₀s against the three global aphid pests decreased to 35–93 μg/ml on day 7 from 246 to 486 μg/ml on day 3. In three field trials, the tar salt at the application rates of 338–675 g/ha controlled the aphid pests as efficaciously as but more persistently than pymetrozine (a synthetic aphidicide) at the recommended rate. Our results highlight an easy approach to converting bamboo tar to a promising botanical aphidicide but extensive further work to determine its toxicity and environmental and crop safety is needed.     

麦麸纤维不同处理对雏鸡饲粮养分利用的影响

试验研究了膨化、碱化、酸化和纤维素酶解处理麦麸纤维对雏鸡饲粮养分利用的影响。与未经处理的对照组相比,碱化和酸化处理使各种养分的采食量都有显著提高(P<0.05);酶解处理使粗蛋白质排泄量极显著降低(P<0.01),各种处理都使粗蛋白质利用率明显提高;膨化和酸化处理使粗灰分的利用率提高(P<0.05);膨化处理使镁(P<0.05)和钾(P<0.05)排泄量降低,使镁(P<0.05)、钠(P<0.05)和钾(P<0.01)的利用率提高;酶解处理使钠排泄量降低(P<0.01),使利用率提高(P<0.01);碱化使钠排泄量提高(P<0.01),酸化使钠和钾利用率显著提高;各种处理对微量元素锌、铁、铜和锰利用率的影响都未达到显著水平(P>0.05)。     

吉林省大安市苏打碱土碱化参数之间的关系

选择典型苏打碱化土壤,对土壤碱化度(ESP)、钠吸附比(SAR)、残余碳酸钠(RSC)、总碱度和pH等进行了测定计算,分析了各碱化参数之间的关系,得出了各参数之间的相关方程。结果表明,除pH外,苏打碱土各碱化参数之间均具有极显著的相关性,各参数之间关系密切。土壤pH与ESP和SAR之间的关系变异性较大,利用pH推算该区苏打碱土碱化状况将会产生很大的不确定性。     

如东棉花原种场滨海盐渍土盐渍性状变化的特点

在如东县棉花原种场大比例尺土壤调查的基础上研究了该场滨海盐渍土变化的特点。结果如下:1.土壤脱盐速度快。2.土壤脱盐自表层开始。3.潜水淡化落后于土壤脱盐。4.可溶盐中各种离子迁移能力的不同导致脱盐过程中盐分化学类型的改变。5.碱化度随钠吸附比而下降。6.脱盐过程中有碱化度下降的滞后现象。由于有以上的盐渍变化特点,所以,底层轻度盐化潮土似乎是盐渍土向潮土方向发育的必经阶段,而盐化潮土下层的碱化度仍较高,这属于残留性质,不是土壤碱化的结果。     

松嫩草地土壤水分及盐渍化动态的模拟研究

利用面向对象技术及新型编程语言Java ,在水盐平衡模型基础上 ,通过简化机理模型建立了物理过程模型 ,来模拟土壤水分和盐碱化动态。模型以 1d为步长 ,适合于模拟异质性强的多层土壤水盐动态。利用长岭 1 997年土壤湿度实测资料对土壤水分模型进行了验证 ,模拟结果很理想。模拟了 1 997年羊草及角碱蓬群落土壤盐分、碱化度、pH值动态 ,并与实验资料进行了比较 ,模拟结果可以反映土壤盐分和碱化的季节变化规律。