黄土高原植被恢复过程中土壤表面电化学性质演变特征

土壤胶体表面所带电荷是土壤具有一系列物理、化学性质的根本原因。表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度、表面电场强度以及表面电位是土壤胶体颗粒重要性质,影响土壤中物理、化学、生物化学过程。运用带电颗粒表面性质联合分析法,测定黄土高原子午岭地区不同植被类型下土壤表面电荷性质,研究自然植被恢复过程对土壤表面电荷性质的影响。结果表明:随着植被的演替,子午岭林区土壤表面电荷数量、比表面积、表面电荷密度均随植被的恢复增加,变化范围分别为10.88～19.85 cmol·kg~(–1)、40.67～61.71 m~2·g~(–1)和0.22～0.31 c·m~(–2),平均值分别为16.18 cmol·kg~(–1)、54.88 m2·g~(–1)和0.28 c·m~(–2),土壤表面电场强度达108 V·m~(–1)数量级;土壤黏粒、有机碳含量是影响表面电荷性质的主要因素,解释率分别为62.5%和27.9%;土壤基本性质对表面电荷性质的影响由强到弱依次为:黏粒、有机碳、砂粒、全氮、C/N、粉粒、碳酸钙、pH。研究结果对于进一步认识黄土高原土壤颗粒表面性质,加深理解土壤中发生的一系列物理化学过程具有重要意义。     

震动发电

德国科学家表示，他们已经找到一种利用汽车运动让街道和公路发电的方式。这项技术的奥秘是，在路面下铺设一种特殊的材料——微型压电晶体，这种压电晶体变形时会产生少量电量，相当于将等量的正负电荷分离，从而出现了电压。当成千上万个压电晶体被植入路面下时，公路便可产生巨大的电能。     

荷电喷雾电晕电极诱导电场数值计算与分析

为深入研究电晕荷电喷雾产生电场的分布情况,针对电晕荷电喷雾中常用的多针组合式电极,采用电荷模拟法,运用matlab软件编程,对电极诱导电场进行数值计算,得出了电场中任意点的电势、场强值及其分布图。通过计算分析发现,电晕放电产生的静电场是极不均匀的;场强由电极结构参数-极径、电极尖端曲率半径、电极电压、针状电极的个数以及电极环中心距地面的垂直高度决定;雾滴从喷嘴到靶标的输运过程中,电晕电极产生的电场仅在输运初始阶段对雾滴的运动起主导作用。     

无线电通讯天线的防雷

天线架设很高时，带电云层也会在天线上产生感应电荷。如果天线与大地之间有直流通路，电荷会通过大地泄放而不会积累起来，因此，也就不会由于感应电荷在天线与大地之间产生高电位差而引起放电。在干燥气侯下，沙土、雪等对天线的摩擦也会产生静电，同样需要及时泄放。天线对地的直接流过通路需要具有通过很高的浪涌电流的能力。这种浪涌电流的持续时间很短，频谱很宽，因此天线对地的直接流过通路不但要考虑电阻足够低，还必须有尽量小的电感。天线的雷电保护正基于这两个条件。     

Types of Crystalline Iron Oxides and Phosphate Adsorption in Variable Charge Soils

The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides and their relations to phosphate adsorption on the clay fractions in soils with varable charge in southern China were investigated by means of XRD,TEM,EMA and chemical analysis methods.Results indicated that the types and contents of crystalline Fe oxides varied with the soils examined.The dominant crystaline Fe oxide was hematite in the latosols and goethites in the red soils.In yellow-brown soils,the only crystalline Fe oxide was goethite.The difference between Ald and Alo came mainly from the Al Substituting for Fe in the Fe oxides.The crystal morphology of goethite appeared mainly as subrounded flat or iso-dimensional rather than acicular particles,Hematities occurred in plates of various thickness,Their MCDa/MCDc ratios in the latosols and red soils were generally above 1.5 and below 1.5,respectively.The MCD values of goethites and hematites were 15-25nm and 20-35nm,and their specific surface areas were 80-120m^2/g and 35-75m^2/g,respectively.The goethite crystals were generally smaller,Variations of the total amounts of crystalline Fe oxides in clay fractions were not related to plhophats adsorption.The types,contents and morphologies of crystalline Fe oxides in the soils remarkably affected phosphate adsorption characteristics of the soils.The phosphate adsorption of goethite was much greater than that of hematite,The higher th MCDa/MCDc ratio of hematite,the lower the phosphate adsorption.     

Effect of Zn Adsorption on Charge of Variable Charge Soils

The variation in appa rent carge of two typical variable charge soils resulting from Zn adsorption were studied by KCl saturation and NH4NO3 replacement methods.Results showed that zinc were adsorbed specifically to those sites with negative charge.As in different pH ranges,the percantages of specific and electrostatic adsorptions of zine and the mechanisms of specific adsorption were different,the effects of Zn adsorption on apparent charge were varied and could be characterized as:when 1 mmol Zn^2 was adsorbed,a change about 1 mmol in the apparent charge was observed in the low pH range(1),1.4 to 1.5mmol in the moderate pH range(II) and 0.55 to 0.6mmol in the high pH range (III).These experimental data,in terms of soil charge,proved once more author‘s conclusion in the preceding paper(Sun,1993) that in accordance with the behaviors of Zn adsorption by the variable charge soils in relation to pH,three pH ranges with different adsorption mechanisms were delineated;that is,in Range I,specific adsorption was the predominant mechanism,in Ranges II and III,specific and electrostatic adsorptions co-existed,but their specific adsorption mechanisms were not identical.     

可变电荷土壤及矿物的交换性碱

可变电荷土壤及矿物的酸度特征具有明显的两性性质,以往对其酸性研究颇多,而对它同时表现出交换性碱认识甚少。近三、四十年来,随着对阴离子吸附研究的深入,对可变电荷土壤及矿物的交换性碱有了全新的认识。本文从交换性碱的研究方法、释放机理、交换性碱的影响因子及动力学性质等方面进行了较为全面的综述。     

等效电荷变换法及其在量子环研究中的应用

利用等效电荷变换法,把三维空间中的杂质电荷对位于X-Y平面上量子环的影响,用一个在X-Y平面上（或X轴上）的虚拟等效电荷取代,从而使计算简化,对结果的分析更加清晰,物理图像更加明确.     

肉制品中脂肪氧化影响因素研究

肉中的脂肪氧化伴随着肉的整个成熟过程,脂肪的氧化对肉的产品品质造成双面影响,文章主要从影响水包油型乳浊液的几个方面:接触面的面积、接触面的相互作用、乳浊液电荷、接触面的厚度及接触面的通透性等几个影响脂肪氧化的因素,介绍了乳化液滴中抗氧化剂的作用及液滴中其他成分与脂肪氧化之间的关系,从而为生产中合理控制肉中脂肪氧化及寻找新的抗氧化剂、抗氧化技术提供依据。