松口蘑的研究进展

详细论述了松口蘑的生物学特性、栽培技术及液体深层发酵技术，并探讨了过氧化物酶和酯酶同工酶技术、原生质体技术、基因工程技术与DNA指纹技术在松口蘑研究中的应用及发展趋势。     

The regulation of mycorrhiza formation— carbohydrate and hormone theories reviewed

Two “classical” theories, both originating in Elias Melin's laboratory in Uppsala, have tried to explain the regulation of ectomycorrhiza formation. The carbohydrate theory, formulated by E. Björkman in 1942, identifies root carbohydrate concentrations as regulatory, while these are in turn considered to be strongly influenced by plant mineral nutrition and light conditions. The hormone theory, expounded by V. Slankis in the 1960s, claims auxin of fungal origin to be the key regulator, influencing root carbohydrate status, while the fungus itself may, to some extent, be affected by mineral nutrition. Both theories have been subject to much discussion and have led to further work, without ever having been conclusively proven experimentally. Recent results in Uppsala and elsewhere have shed new light on several of the key issues. The development of research in this field since 1942 is critically reviewed in light of later data, and a unifying theory is sketched on the basis of E. Hacskaylo's proposal from 1969 to reconcile contradictory results.     

菌根真菌与植物激素相互作用研究进展

菌根真菌生长及其与植物共生过程中可直接合成或诱导植物产生多种激素类物质,如生长素(auxin)、细胞分裂素(CTK)、赤霉素(GA)、乙烯(ET)、脱落酸(ABA)、水杨酸(SA)和茉莉酸(JA)等,这些物质除了调节植物自身生长发育、控制植物形态建成和生理代谢外,还能在菌根真菌与植物相互识别、菌根形成、诱导植物抗逆性等方面发挥作用。本文总结了菌根真菌对植物激素种类、形态和含量的影响,以及植物激素对菌根真菌生长发育、侵染、产孢和功能的影响。旨在为进一步研究菌根真菌与植物激素相互作用关系、探索菌根真菌生理代谢特点提供依据。     

华南地区松、桉树种外生菌根调查*

室外调查结果表明,华南地区的松、桉树种已知有菌根真菌11种,其中彩色豆马勃与多根硬皮马勃为本地区的常见种,可与多种松、桉形成外生菌根。在平均气温达20℃以上,相对湿度达80％以上及有相当降雨量的条件下,子实体产生较多;不同立地条件下,外生菌根菌的分布也不相同。     

Spatial changes of soil solution and mineral composition in the rhizosphere of Norway‐spruce seedlings colonized by Piloderma croceum

Ectomycorrhizae (ECM) or the root‐fungal association in forest ecosystems provide a unique soil microenvironment where soil properties and processes differ from the bulk soil. In this study, we would like to better understand the role of ECM systems in mineral weathering and its implications to soil formation and nutrient cycling in forest ecosystems. Specifically, we would like to document the spatial variations in the composition of soil solution and mineralogy of the rhizosphere as influenced by the ECM of Norway spruce + Piloderma croceum. Two‐month‐old seedlings of Norway spruce (control and colonized by P. croceum) were cultivated in special rhizotrons designed to allow spatial collection of soil solution. We used A and C horizons of a Dystric Cambisol collected from Höglwald forest near Munich. Micro suction cups (5 mm x 1mm) were installed in colonized and control rhizotrons, and soil solution was collected from September to November 2000. Our results show that the concentrations of NH , Ca²⁺, and Mg²⁺ in the soil solution were lower in <1.0 cm than in >3.0 cm distance from the roots of Norway spruce, due to the possible range of influence of Piloderma mycelium reaching about 2–3 cm from the surface of the mycorrhizal root. In the rhizotron with soil from the A horizon, a higher phosphorus content in Piloderma‐colonized seedlings was observed. X‐ray diffraction data indicate that chlorite and possibly mica are being transformed to 2:1‐expanding clay minerals (probably smectite) within <1.0 cm distance from roots. The spatial variations in soil solution composition and mineral transformation are likely to be due to Piloderma colonization and concentrated mycelial growth within <1.0 cm distance from the roots. This is also evident in more intricate growth of mycelia on surfaces of micaceous minerals as compared to quartz. We assume that Piloderma modifies soil solution and mineralogy through acquisition of essential elements for its own survival and/or for the uptake by plant roots. However, the presence of spontaneous infection with wildtype ECM in the control plots may have altered the influence of Piloderma and must be taken into consideration when interpreting our results.     

不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应

基于干旱对全球植物生物量分配影响的数据库,选择丛枝菌根(AM)、外生菌根(ECM)和二者兼生型菌根(AM+ECM)3种最常见的菌根类型,研究3种菌根类型植物应对干旱时各器官生物量分配的变化,采用一般线性模型模拟分析器官间的相对生长速率,探索不同菌根类型植物生物量分配对干旱的响应。结果表明：在干旱条件下,AM和AM+ECM植物根系生物量(M_R)的分配率分别增加了8.2%和7.6%,而ECM植物对M_R的分配则无显著变化;干旱导致AM植物茎生物量(M_S)分配率降低了7.7%,ECM和AM+ECM植物对M_S的分配则无显著变化;干旱使得AM+ECM植物和ECM植物叶生物量(M_L)的分配率分别下降了9.4%和6.5%,AM植物M_L则无显著变化;不同菌根类型植物遭受干旱时,AM和AM+ECM植物根、茎、叶的生物量积累速率依次降低,ECM植物茎、叶、根的生物量积累速率依次降低;不同菌根类型植物对干旱响应的策略不同,AM植物通过降低茎和生殖器官的生物量分配来提高对根的生物量...     

The coarse‐soil fraction is the main living space of fungal hyphae in the BhBs horizon of a Podzol

In acidified forest soils, the coarse‐soil fraction is a potential nutrient source. Plant nutrient uptake from the coarse‐soil fraction is aided by ectomycorrhiza. Similarly, (recalcitrant) organic matter (OM) is an important nutrient source largely made plant‐available through (symbiotic) microorganisms, especially in the topsoil. We hypothesized that in a podzol profile, fungal hyphae would concentrate in nutrient hotspots, either OM or the coarse‐soil fraction. Absolute hyphal length, base saturation, and organic‐C content of a Podzol profile were determined in the fine‐earth and coarse‐soil fractions. In the fine‐earth fraction, hyphae were attracted by the organic‐C content and relative high base saturation. In the coarse‐soil fraction of the BhBs horizon, the absolute hyphal length exceeded the hyphal length in the fine earth by factor 3, yet C content and base saturation were lowest. We could not determine to what fungi the hyphae belonged. Most likely ectomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza and saprotrophic fungi dominate the upper soil layers of this profile and all utilize OM for nutrition. In the deeper mineral horizons and especially in the coarse‐soil fraction, ectomycorrhiza are better adapted than other fungi to harvest nutrients from inorganic sources. Additionally, favorable physical properties may explain the high amount of fungal hyphae in the coarse‐soil fraction of the BhBs horizon. Both the coarse‐soil fraction and deeper mineral soil horizons may play a more active role in microbial nutrient cycling than previously assumed.     

外生菌根真菌及其接种白皮松生长对煤矸石胁迫的反应

研究外生菌根真菌铆钉菇菌菌丝在煤矸石提取液中的生长模式,并对接种和未接种的白皮松在不同比率煤矸石混合基质中的生长和存活作探索性研究。结果表明:铆钉菇菌在85%煤矸石提取液中生长良好。虽然煤矸石环境抑制了菌丝的发展,降低了苗木的接种率,但对于接种后的幼苗,其在不同比率煤矸石混合基质中的各项生长指标都优于未接种幼苗。其中,接种幼苗干质量和侧根数,显著多于未接种幼苗。纯煤矸石的环境中真菌和植物都很难生存和发展,但与少量的黄土(15%)混合后,各项生长指标都得到显著改善。这个结果说明,为了保证煤矸石生态治理工程中的成功,有必要在矸石中混合一定土壤以保证生物技术的顺利实施。     

混合接种Glomus与Pisolithus菌株对尾叶桉矿质营养吸收的影响

对混合接种ＶＡ菌根真菌苏格兰球菌霉和ＥＣＭ真菌彩色豆马勃影响尾叶桉苗期矿质营养元素吸收情况进行了研究。接种苗根真菌对苗木吸收Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ和Ｂ产季了较大的影响,主要体现在促进苗木对上述营养元素的吸收和积累。     

稳态营养与Pt菌根化在湿地松育苗中的应用

在苗圃地培育湿地松苗木 ,分别进行 4种处理 :①稳态营养 Pt菌剂 ;②不施肥 Pt菌剂 ;③稳态营养 松林土 ;④常规施肥 松林土。生长季末测定苗木的高度和地径。测定各小区标准木的叶、茎、根鲜重及干重 ,侧根条数和总长。按“十分法”目测吸收根外生菌根感染率。观测结果表明 ,湿地松苗木形成外生菌根的能力较强 ,无论是人工接种还是天然感染 ,菌根感染率均超过 85 % ,其中稳态营养下 ,人工接种Pt菌剂感染率最高 ,可达94 8%。稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理的苗木生长最佳 ;稳态营养下松林土处理的苗木其次 ;人工接种Pt菌剂但不施肥处理的苗木再次 ;常规施肥 松林土处理最差。如稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理与人工接种Pt菌剂但不施肥处理相比较 ,苗木的株高、地径分别提高 2 0 5 %、14 0 % ;侧根条数及总长分别提高 2 5 6 %、4 0 9% ;叶、茎、根、整株鲜重分别提高 34 6 %、4 3 7%、38 8%、37 0 % ;各部分干重分别提高 2 5 7%、38 6 %、4 2 4 %、32 7%。稳态营养人工接种Pt菌剂处理与常规施肥松林土处理相比较 ,各项指标的差异更加明显。充分体现了稳态营养与Pt菌根化的综合效应 ,同时说明稳态营养条件下 ,靠松林土感染真菌形成菌根也能获得较好的生长结果。但是 ,仅靠人工接种优良菌剂 ,不科学