Waterfowl-habitat associations during winter in an urban North Atlantic estuary

Coastal habitats near urban centres in North Atlantic estuaries often support substantial numbers of wintering waterfowl, but little is known of the effects of landscape setting and urbanisation on habitat use. We conducted surveys of waterfowl at 32 wintering sites in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, to identify characteristics that may influence habitat use. Sites were chosen along a gradient of urbanisation and reflected the dominant habitat types used by waterfowl in the Bay. Mean waterfowl abundance was 206.7 ± 209.5 birds per site, and sites in the inner part of the estuary had higher overall waterfowl abundances (r² = 0.40, p = 0.021). Species richness ranged from 3.2 to 13.0 and decreased with increasing hunting activity (r² = 0.36, p = 0.040). Hunting activity and habitat characteristics (e.g., latitude, shoreline configuration, prey density) explained 13-27% of the variation in waterfowl abundance and species richness among sites, but landscape characteristics (e.g., surrounding residential development, vegetated land, or wetland surrounding the sites and the extent of wetland edge) explained an additional 1-26%. The landscape characteristics extent of adjacent residential development and vegetated upland were the most common variables entering into the models; most species were more abundant at sites with more adjacent vegetated upland and less adjacent residential development. Our results suggest that landscape setting may be influencing the distribution of wintering waterfowl, and should be considered when developing strategies for the conservation for these species in urban North Atlantic estuaries.     

笼养灰鹤越冬期行为活动的时间分配和活动节律

2003年11月～2004年2月,采用瞬时扫描取样法对哈尔滨动物园1对成年灰鹤的越冬行为进行观察,探讨冬季不同温度和不同天气条件下对灰鹤越冬行为的影响,并得出结论如下：笼养灰鹤越冬期行为时间分配比例依次为静栖26.92%、进食25.96%、瞭望18.74%、啄雪草13.32%、理羽6.66%、游走4.91%、呜叫2.48%、警戒1.07%和打斗0.34%;大雾时静栖、瞭望和进食行为与正常天气相似,最为突出的是游走行为明显增多,而啄雪草行为减少了近10%,从总体上看活动量比正常天气时增多。而在下雪时各行为所用时间都比较平均,和正常天气比差别都很大,只有瞭望所用时间相近。     

昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥数量变化及投食量调查分析

昆明翠湖公园是红嘴鸥进城越冬数量最集中的地方,其数量分布在昆明水域内具有一定的代表性,翠湖公园是红嘴鸥的主要投食点,每年冬季,有大量市民和游客前来观鸥、喂鸥、护鸥。每年11月至次年3月翠湖公园的红嘴鸥数量存在规律性的变化,游客每天投放多少饲料量,要结合红嘴鸥的日食量和数量,受节假日的影响,游客数量变动大,投食量依赖于游客数量,经常出现喂鸥过量或不足的情况,翠湖水体补给有限,过量投食会带来富营养化污染,投食不足则不利于红嘴鸥的保护。通过对2009年11月至2010年3月期间昆明翠湖越冬红嘴鸥的数量进行分期统计,得出2010年翠湖越冬红嘴鸥前、中、后期的数量变化,参照红嘴鸥的能量代谢标准,分析计算昆明翠湖红嘴鸥饲料的合理投放量,为科学喂鸥提供依据,便于红嘴鸥和翠湖水体的保护。     

扁刺蛾越冬幼虫空间分布型的研究

通过测定５个空间分布型指数和建立２个回归直线,发现扁刺蛾越冬幼虫空间分布型属聚集分布。另外,干基周围划分为３个层次,内层虫口数量与中、外两层的差异均达１％的显著水平。     

一膜两季留膜留茬越冬保墒栽培技术规程

在介绍一膜两季留膜留茬越冬保墒栽培技术原理和实施效果的基础上,概述了其技术要点,以期有效提高土壤的有机质含量和土壤的蓄水保墒能力。     

盐碱地紫花苜蓿品种对比试验

2010-2011年,在山西省大同盆地中度苏打盐碱地对来自国内外的金皇后、三得利、农宝等18个紫花苜蓿品种进行了品比试验,对各品种的发芽率、出苗率、鲜草产量进行了比较,测定了2011年的牧草干鲜比并对干草产量进行了对比分析。结果表明,金皇后、德宝和三得利3个苜蓿品种在中度盐碱地有较强的耐寒、耐盐碱特性和明显的高产优势。建议在大同盆地和其它同类型轻度-中度盐碱地大力推广金皇后、德宝和三得利,提高种植效益。     

植物生长调节剂和肥料混施对沟叶结缕草越冬期生长和抗性生理的影响

为解决暖季型草坪草越冬期枯黄的问题,以沟叶结缕草为材料,利用L9(34)正交试验设计方法设计了植物生长调节剂、速效肥与有机肥3因子3水平正交混施试验.与清水对照相比,处理组沟叶结缕草叶面积指数、叶绿素含量、叶片游离脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量均显著提高,且根系活性、叶片抗氧化酶系(SOD、POD、CAT)活性显著增加,叶片丙二醛含量则显著降低.处理组整体上提高了草坪草越冬期的生长及抗冷性能,显著改善了草坪草的冬季景观效果.因子间极差分析表明,主效因子随草坪草生长和抗性指标的不同而存在差异,表明混施时各因子在保持草坪草冬季良好生长、提高抗性生理功能上所起的作用具有互补性.综合各指标正交分析结果,提出了混施的最优配方,即每升混合液肥中含多效唑、三十烷醇、硫酸钾镁肥、尿素和壳聚糖300mg、2mg、1 500mg、1 000mg和1 000mg,按200mL·m-2叶面喷施,花生饼按90 g·m-2撒施.     

Challenging conservation of migratory species: Sahelian rainfalls drive first-year survival of the vulnerable Lesser Kestrel Falco naumanni

In the context of attested global changes, accurate estimation of whether climatic fluctuations impact on population demographic parameters is needed for adequate management, especially for migratory species. We present a capture-recapture analysis linking survival rates of the vulnerable Lesser Kestrel (Falco naumanni) to annual rainfalls in the Sahel region, considered as a proxy of climatic conditions on wintering grounds. Recapture data were obtained from field observations of individuals ringed and sexed as juveniles over a 14-year monitoring period (1994-2007). We addressed a common but problematic situation in birds where: (i) sex is known with certainty for first-summer or older birds but only suspected for juveniles, and (ii) a large proportion of individuals never return to the study population (e.g. transient behavior). Transient behavior and unknown sexes were explicitly integrated considering a two age class in a multistate capture-recapture model. Survival was time-varying for juveniles (geometric mean: 0.499 ± 0.021) but constant - and higher - for adults (0.718 ± 0.013). Yearling survival probabilities were strongly correlated with rainfalls in the Sahel, suggesting a high dependence of juvenile upon the wintering conditions. While taking sex uncertainty into account, we detected no sex-dependence in survival. Incorporating the sensitivity of survival of wintering migratory birds to climatic variables such as precipitations in arid Sahelian ecosystem may allow to model conservation scenarios with a greater realism. Finally, we encourage the development of international management strategies for migratory species on wintering areas in addition to the existing conservation actions on summering Mediterranean grounds.     

西藏“一江两河”流域越冬黑颈鹤种群数量及分布1）

对西藏“一江两河”流域越冬黑颈鹤（ Grus nigricollis）种群数量及分布情况进行了调查,并分析了黑颈鹤昼间活动生境和人为干扰情况。结果表明：2010年12月—2011年1月、2012年12月—2013年1月、2015年1月在“一江两河”流域越冬的黑颈鹤数量分别为6041、59496、496只。拉孜到南木林之间雅鲁藏布江中上游河谷和墨竹工卡到林周之间的拉萨河－澎波河谷一区是越冬黑颈鹤最为集中的2个区域;黑颈鹤昼间活动的主要生境是农田和水体,在这2种生境活动的黑颈鹤集群分别占集群总数（ n＝125）的80．8％和17．6％;12．0％的越冬黑颈鹤集群受到人为干扰的影响,其中69．2％的干扰来自开发建设。     

江西省境内中华秋沙鸭越冬生境选择

为探讨中华秋沙鸭越冬的生境选择策略。2009-2011年12月中旬利用样方法、因子测定法和卡方检验等方法对江西省境内中华秋沙鸭越冬的生境选择进行了调查分析。结果表明：中华秋沙鸭越冬嬉戏、觅食和栖息的生境选择具有普遍性并具有以下特征：越冬地海拔较低,年平均气温为16.5℃;越冬地依山傍水且均沿河流分布,多集中在河流的中下游水势相对平缓地带;越冬生境选择通过植被、水环境和人为干扰因子来实现;对低海拔(50~60 m,78.6%)、低坡度(<0.36,98.6%)、低噪音(<40 dB,89.2%)、村镇(6~12 km,71.9%)、公路中等距离(1~2 km,79.4%)、近林缘(<50 m,85.4%)的区域选择性较高。