江苏盐城沿海地区繁殖季节几种水鸟的数量及分布研究（Ⅱ）

1997～1998年间全国鸟类环志中心承担国家林业局下达的黑嘴鸥专项调查。北起辽宁省,向南到达海南省,分别调查冬季和夏季的黑嘴鸥数量、分布及栖息地状况。“江苏盐城沿海地区繁殖季节几种水鸟的数量及分布研究(1)”主要讨论黑嘴鸥的数量和分布,本文主要讨论黑嘴鸥调查区内其它几种繁殖水鸟的数量。盐城国家级自然保护区是我国重要的湿地类型保护区,已经列入国际性重要湿地和东亚鹤类地点保护网络。保护区范围内不仅有大量黑嘴鸥(Ｌａｒｕｓｓａｕｎｄｅｒｓｉ)繁殖,还有普通燕鸥(Ｓｔｅｒｎａｈｉｒｕｎｄｏ)、白额燕鸥(Ｓ.ａｌｂｉｆｒｏｎ…     

Are ricefields a good alternative to natural marshes for waterbird communities in the Camargue, southern France?

Rice cultivation has frequently been suggested to provide an important wetland habitat for waterbirds. However, in contrast to most other regions of the Mediterranean, the Camargue still has a substantial amount of surface area of natural marshes. Thus, we compared the abundance, species richness, and community composition of waterbirds in ricefields and natural marshes of the Camargue, during a one-year study. Based on surveys conducted at 4–7 day intervals in 1997–1998, our results suggest that natural marshes had substantially greater abundance of waterbirds, with ca. 99% of the individuals having been observed in natural marshes. Estimates of species richness and associated parameters further indicated that ricefields were clearly less rich than natural marshes. Although our results were rather striking for the Camargue, they may not be applicable to other regions because of the relatively high availability of natural marshes and differences in management of ricefields.     

The buffer effect and the selection of protected areas for waterbirds in Britain

The buffer effect predicts that where the reproductive success and survivorship of a species vary between potential habitats, sites will be sequentially filled according to a preference hierarchy. Once favoured sites reach saturation, numbers on the less-suitable/poorer quality sites will show a greater rate of increase compared with those on favoured sites. Supporting evidence for a buffer effect is readily available in the literature for many species, although this is generally restricted to small-scale analyses. In this paper we test for a buffer effect on a national scale for 19 species of waterbirds regularly wintering in the UK for which populations have increased nationally. The results provide little support for the effect, with only four species showing significant negative correlations. Nonetheless, a number of factors are likely to confound the occurrence/identification of a buffer effect for these species, including site area and data limitations. By contrast, for the majority of these 19 species, those sites where initial population totals are largest are also those with the fastest rates of population increase. Encouragingly, these sites are, therefore, more likely to be classified and managed as Special Protection Areas (SPAs) or Ramsar sites using the current numerical criteria for identifying such conservation areas.     

The performance of procedures for selecting conservation areas: waterbirds in the UK

In recent years, much attention has been directed to the ways in which the most important areas for inclusion in reserve networks can be identified, and the most effective ways in which existing networks can be expanded. In contrast, rather little attention has been paid to the present and likely future performance of the approaches that have actually been employed. Using Wetland Bird Survey data, the effectiveness of the current Special Protection Area (SPA) network in the UK was assessed by comparing annual counts for 17 species of migratory waterbird on SPAs with the numbers supported by hypothetical site networks selected by five alternative site-selection methods. These analyses suggest that focusing on complementarity between component sites rather than applying criteria to each site individually improved the level of representation for each species, conserved a greater percentage of the national total across the 17 species and was robust over time.     

Ranging behaviour of greater flamingos during the breeding and post-breeding periods: Linking connectivity to biological processes

Connectivity among habitat patches has mainly been studied in relation to species-specific behaviours. However, the movements of animals among patches may have different functions, and tolerance to gaps between habitat patches may vary between these functions. We tracked the movements of greater flamingos during the breeding and post-breeding periods with the aim of illustrating how the degree of connectivity may vary depending on the biological processes underlying the movements between wetlands. Most foraging sites used by breeding adults in a colony in southern Spain were within 200 km of the colony site, although some birds eventually moved 400 km. After the breeding season, the adults remained for several weeks in specific wetlands, moving to other sites located 280-2100 km away to overwinter. During these movements the birds may use stopover sites, the conservation of which may be critical to facilitate long-range movements. Our results suggest that wetland connectivity during chick rearing does not seem to be determined by whether or not central-place foraging flamingos are able to reach wetlands located at the longest distance that they are able to fly during non-stop flights (>1000 km), but by whether they are able to sustain the energetic costs derived from frequent commuting. In contrast, long-distance movements were occasionally undertaken during the post-breeding period. The energetic costs of such flights could be paid by flamingos because these movements were infrequent. Thus, in the case of flamingos, connectedness thresholds between wetlands vary depending on the biological process involved (chick rearing or post-breeding movements). This emphasizes the need to consider different types of connectivity in conservation planning.     

杭州西湖水鸟种类组成与分布的研究

2002年杭州市政府实施西湖综合保护工程后,新增水域面积约0. 7 km2,2011年起,着重对茅家埠、乌龟潭、浴鹄湾等湖区的水生植物进行整体优化,西湖的自然形态发生了很大的变化,为掌握西湖水鸟组成与季节变化,2016—2017年对杭州西湖的水鸟进行了调查。研究发现西湖水鸟43种,隶属于8目10科,其中国家Ⅰ级保护动物1种:东方白鹳(Ciconia boyciana),Ⅱ级保护动物2种:白额雁(Anser albifrons)和鸳鸯(Aix galericulata)。从居留型来看,以迁徙鸟居多,冬候鸟占优势23种,占53. 5%;其次为夏候鸟9种,占20. 9%;旅鸟4种,占9. 3%;留鸟7种,占16. 3%。以古北界鸟类为主23种,占53. 5%;东洋界鸟类13种,占30. 2%;广布种7种,占16. 3%。鸟类生态类群主要为游禽和涉禽,游禽占物种总数的58. 1%、涉禽占物种总数的37. 2%,攀禽种类少,占物种总数的4. 7%。     

Effects of temporal and spatial hunting control in waterbird reserves

Experiments were conducted in two Danish coastal wetland areas to assess the applicability of regulating wildfowling in marsh areas by restricting shooting to a period of the day as an alternative to apply spatial regulation. Teal (Anas crecca) showed a 2-97-fold increase when shore-based shooting was totally banned, compared with years when shore-based shooting was unregulated or diurnally regulated. The same result was found for common snipe (Gallinago gallinago) at its one studied area (15-39-fold increase). Shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), teal and mallard (A. platyrhynchos) spent more time in the zones nearest to the shoreline when shore-based shooting was totally banned than when evening shooting was permitted. It is concluded (1) that disturbance levels were not sufficiently reduced by temporal regulation to prevent teal and snipe from abandoning otherwise attractive staging areas, and (2) that reserves should incorporate adjacent marshes in the non-shooting refuge to ensure high species diversity.     

兴凯湖保护区迁徙季节水禽多样性及种多度关系

2009-2010年采用定点观察法、直数法、Shannon -Wiener指数和对数正态分布对兴凯湖保护区迁徙季节水禽多样性和种多度关系进行了调查分析.结果表明:调查期间,兴凯湖保护区,共记录水禽6目12科48种,包括涉禽和游禽两大生态类群,以雁形目和鸻形目为主(66.66％),古北种最多(64.58％),夏候鸟(70...     

The importance of freshwater flows over estuarine mudflats for wintering waders and wildfowl

The attraction of wintering waterbirds to freshwater flowing over intertidal mudflats of estuaries was studied between 1996 and 1998. This was a response to the increasing levels of freshwater abstraction around internationally protected estuaries in the UK, as its relevance to waterbirds was largely undocumented. The numbers and densities of waterbirds in corridors around freshwater flows were consistently greater than those on the remaining mudflats at all estuaries studied. Large proportions of the estuary populations of several species sometimes occurred around flows. The attraction of freshwater on mudflats to waterbirds, especially ducks and geese, is probably attributable to the presence of water for preening and drinking close to their feeding grounds. Microclimate and shelter may be enhanced, and prey density or availability may be increased for foraging birds on wet mudflats. The amount of freshwater in flows was important to several species and greater densities occurred around larger discharges although very large discharges across narrow mudflats created deep, incised creeks that were unsuitable for most waterbirds. Thresholds of discharge attractive to birds are likely to be estuary-specific and depend on the width of mudflat if freshwater is to reach mid and lower shores at low tide. Surrounding landscapes also influenced the variability of discharge and therefore the predictability of flows. The impact on birds from freshwater abstraction may be similar to effects of displacement from other intertidal grounds and could affect large numbers of birds. The potential impact on bird populations should be included in assessments wherever there are proposals to alter or remove discharges within estuaries.     

Responses of waterbirds to flooding in an arid region of Australia and implications for conservation

Floods are a frequent but irregular feature of Australia's dryland river catchments. We investigated changes in abundances of waterbirds in north western New South Wales with changes in wetland distribution at local, catchment and broad scales. The abundance of most functional groups of waterbirds changed in response to broad scale changes in wetland distribution, while local abundance remained highly variable. Patterns of abundance varied among functional groups of waterbirds, with some immediately responding to changes in wetland distribution and area flooded, and others apparently responding to sequences of wetting and drying. In Australia, the main conservation issue for waterbirds is water and its use across the landscape and not the spatial arrangement of any fixed array of reserves established to protect them.