森林生态效益经济补偿综合评估(英文)

长期以来人们忽视了森林产品的非市场价值,从经济角度上来看, 这将导致保护森林资源的难度加大。本文在以前研究的基础之上,综合了恩格尔系数和逻辑斯谛曲线构造了补偿系数,计算了长白山地区森林生态效益的经济补偿值。结果表明,1999 年应支付的总补偿值为637.93 元/公顷,其中70%将直接支付给当地居民和其它相关利益者。这一数值远远高于现有的补偿值。从当前的形势看,中央政府不可能承担所有的森林保护费用和支付所有的保护森林的开支。本文提出可以利用当地政府的财政投资以及将补偿费用纳入到现行财政体系中解决方法。图1 表2参17。     

Determining the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water in the Musi sub-basin in India

In this paper the residual method is used to determine the disaggregated economic value of irrigation water used in agriculture across crops, zones and seasons. This method relies on the belief that the value of a good (its price by its quantity) is equal to the summation of the quantity of each input multiplied by its average value. By applying this method to the Musi sub-basin; a subdivision of the Krishna basin in India, it was found that the value of irrigation water use is not equated across the crops, zones and seasons. The reasons why there is no sinlge value of irrigation water use are suggested. As farmers do not have perfect knowledge, do not all possess the same resource base, plant different crops for a variety of reasons (some for a financial return on land instead of water and others for sustenance), possess different crop rotation practices and are possibly riks adverse, they all value water differently. However, the results need to be interpreted with care as the crop with the lowest return to water is probably not the one to be sacrificed if water is restricted, since farmers plant crops for a variety of reasons (and sometimes not for the highest return to water that they can achieve).     

中国生态农业面临的机遇与挑战

阐述了我国生态农业发展特点、取得的主要成效与存在的问题、面临的机遇和新的挑战 ,并提出新时期生态农业发展策略。     

汉中市中药材产业发展成效及发展机遇和方向

为更好地推动我市中药材产业发展,分析了汉中市中药材产业发展现状,目前面临的新发展机遇,建议从六个方面发力做强做大我市中药材产业。     

Cost-effectiveness of conservation strategies implemented in boreal forests: The area selection process

To protect land from commercial exploitation is a common conservation practice. However, this requires large financial resources and it is therefore important to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of different strategies used in the selection of these conservation areas. In this study we compare four strategies and relate the differences in cost-effectiveness to differences in the selection process. We measure conservation benefits both as the amount of three tree structures and as the number of species in three species groups. We also estimate both the information cost associated with selecting conservation areas and the opportunity cost. We found the key habitat strategy to be the over-all most cost-effective. In this strategy, the areas have a flexible size and are selected by the authorities in a national field survey. The least cost-effective strategy was one where the selection was based only on forest classes in a satellite map. Intermediate were the retention group strategy, where small areas are left by the forest owner at harvesting, and the nature reserve strategy, where large areas are selected by the authorities. We emphasize that the differences we found are associated with the selection process and that other aspects, such as long-term survival of species, may rank the strategies differently. We conclude that the cost-effectiveness of a selection strategy depends on the size of the planning area for selection of conservation areas, the size of the conservation areas, the objective of the agent making the selection, and the amount and type of information on which the selection is based.     

Opportunity costs: Who really pays for conservation?

Designing conservation areas entails costs that, if considered explicitly, can be minimized while still achieving conservation targets. Here we focus on opportunity costs which measure forgone benefits from alternative land uses. Conservation planning studies often use partial estimates of costs, but the extent to which these result in actual efficiencies has not been demonstrated. Our study partitions land costs into three distinct opportunity costs to smallholder agriculture, soybean agriculture and ranching. We demonstrate that opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can be inaccurate measures of true opportunity costs and can inadvertently shift conservation costs to affect groups of stakeholders disproportionately. Additionally, we examine how spatial correlations between costs as well as target size affect the performance of opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups as surrogate measures of true opportunity costs. We conclude that planning with opportunity costs to single stakeholder groups can result in cost burdens to other groups that could undermine the long-term success of conservation. Thus, an understanding of the spatial distributions of opportunity costs that are disaggregated to groups of stakeholders is necessary to make informed decisions about priority conservation areas.     

抗除草剂转基因作物面临的机遇与挑战及其发展策略

2008年全球抗除草剂转基因作物已占转基因作物总种植面积的80%以上,抗除草剂成为最主要的转基因应用的性状.该技术的成功应用极大地降低了杂草防除成本、增加了安全性和减少了除草剂的残留药害.但是,抗除草剂转基因作物的大规模产业化将导致除草剂市场单一化,从而冲击除草剂产业,还会产生杂草抗药性和基因逃逸等环境安全问题,因此抗除草剂转基因作物面临着挑战.在我国转基因抗除草剂作物还没有实际的商业化,不过由于市场巨大、政策支持等面临良好发展机遇.此外,从抗除草剂基因利用、转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发策略等方面进行综述,以期为我国转基因抗除草剂作物的研究与开发提供可能有益的信息.     

中国林业生物能源开发优势与发展机遇

开发林业生物资源、发展新的能源产业,已成为解决能源问题的重要途径之一。本文从资源状态、技术水平、市场前景和开发潜力方面分析总结了中国林业生物质能源的开发优势,从全球环境、政策支持和行业参与方面探讨了我国林业生物质能源的发展机遇,并从体制改革、科技创新和国际交流方面提出了加速中国林业生物质能源利用的对策。     

Entrepreneurial attitude, innovation and performance among Norwegian nature-based tourism enterprises

Entrepreneurship and innovativeness have seen considerable attention in the literature. However, little research has focused on micro-scaled enterprises, especially in the context of nature-based tourism. This work investigates how entrepreneurial attitude influences innovativeness and performance in Norwegian nature-based tourism enterprises. Data collection consisted of an e-mail survey and resulted in 178 usable responses. Respondents that exhibit a stronger entrepreneurial attitude appear more likely to change the way they organize their enterprise and tend to have higher income growth. Results point to potential policy actions that could positively impact rural development as well as individual firm actions that may enhance performance.     

我国高校独立学院面临的机遇、挑战及应对措施

从8个方面分析了高等独立学院办学所面临的机遇、挑战,并从6个方面阐述了应对措施。