The ecological fitness of ALS-resistant Amaranthus retroflexus and multiple-resistant Amaranthus blitoides

Summary Field studies were conducted to evaluate the ecological fitness of Amaranthus spp. biotypes that evolved resistance to either acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors ( A. retroflexus , SuR), to triazine herbicides ( A. blitoides , SuS/TR), or to both ( A. blitoides , SuR/TR), and estimate their ecological fitness under competitive conditions. The plants were grown in monoculture and in replacement series experiments. The examined mixtures were 100%S, 75%S/25%R, 50%S/50%R, 25%S/75%R and 100%R, at a constant stand of 400 plants m⁻². The SuR and SuS A. retroflexus biotypes attained similar shoot dry biomass per plant, biomass per plot and relative yield total (RYT) = 1. In monoculture, the final shoot biomass of A. blitoides biotypes SuS/TS plants was higher than that of SuR/TR and SuS/TR. A negative effect of association was observed, amensalism, when SuS/TS was grown in mixture with SuR/TR, in favour of the wild type. However, SuR/TR and SuS/TR biomass was not influenced by the presence of the competitor. These data support the hypothesis that the ALS-resistance trait in A. retroflexus and A. blitoides is not associated with growth penalty and did not incur ecological cost in the field. We suggest that the cause of the observed reduction in growth rendering the SuS/TR and SuR/TR less fit than the wild type is due to the triazine resistance, and may facilitate their dissipation.     

不同小麦品种对麦田磺酰脲类除草剂的耐药性研究

通过敏感性测定，明确了不同小麦品种对麦田磺酰脲类除草剂的耐药性。结果表明，百农６５，豫麦２号耐药性较强；百农６４，豫麦３２号，中育３号耐药性居中，豫麦２１号，豫麦１８号耐药性较弱。豫麦２１号对药剂的敏感性最强，用药不当，易产生药害，并对品种×药剂间及品种×药剂×含量间的协同效应进行了分析。     

同位素示踪法在磺酰脲类除草剂残留分析中的应用

除草剂的同位素残留分析技术日益受到人们的重视,并取得了长足的发展。本文综述了利用同位素示踪技术对4种磺酰脲类除草剂的残留分析进展。     

磺酰脲类除草剂的降解机制及代谢产物的研究进展

磺酰脲类除草剂是一类高效,低毒和高选择性的除草剂,该类除草剂能有效防除阔叶杂草,其中有些品种对禾本科杂草也有一定的抑制作用。但同时因其用量低、对哺乳动物低毒以及独特的除草活性等特点而得到广泛应用。因此,了解磺酰脲类除草剂在土壤中的环境行为及归趋对于其科学合理使用、防止作物药害和保护农业生态环境具有非常重要的意义。根据笔者对磺酰脲类除草剂的深入研究,并总结归纳国内外的相关文献报道,对磺酰脲类除草剂的降解机制及其代谢产物的研究进行了综述,最后展望了磺酰脲类除草剂未来的发展趋势。     

4-取代嘧啶基苯磺酰脲类化合物的合成与除草活性

为了探寻磺酰脲类除草剂的构效关系,以单嘧磺隆和单嘧磺酯为先导化合物,在嘧啶环上引入取代苯基,设计合成了16个新型单取代嘧啶磺酰脲衍生物,其结构均经过核磁共振氢谱、质谱和元素分析确证。盆栽试验结果表明:在1.5 kg/hm2时,大部分化合物对供试杂草具有一定的抑制活性,其中对双子叶杂草的活性高于对单子叶杂草的活性,但均不及先导化合物的活性。     

The structure-activity relationship in herbicidal monosubstituted sulfonylureas

BACKGROUND: The herbicide sulfonylurea (SU) belongs to one of the most important class of herbicides worldwide. It is well known for its ecofriendly, extreme low toxicity towards mammals and ultralow dosage application. The original inventor, G Levitt, set out structure–activity relationship (SAR) guidelines for SU structural design to attain superhigh bioactivity. A new approach to SU molecular design has been developed. RESULTS: After the analysis of scores of SU products by X‐ray diffraction methodology and after greenhouse herbicidal screening of 900 novel SU structures synthesised in the authors' laboratory, it was found that several SU structures containing a monosubstituted pyrimidine moiety retain excellent herbicidal characteristics, which has led to partial revision of the Levitt guidelines. CONCLUSIONS: Among the novel SU molecules, monosulfuron and monosulfuron‐ester have been developed into two new herbicides that have been officially approved for field application and applied in millet and wheat fields in China. A systematic structural study of the new substrate–target complex and the relative mode of action in comparison with conventional SU has been carried out. A new mode of action has been postulated. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

作物保护剂对磺酰脲类除草剂解毒效应述评

结合国内外学者以及作者自己对作物保护剂和磺酰脲类除草剂的研究,概述了保护剂对磺酰脲类除草剂的解毒作用。不同环境条件对保护剂的解毒作用有一定的影响,并从理论上证明保护剂通过抑制核苷二磷酸（RDP）,并间接抑制乙酰乳酸合成酶（ALS）的活性,从而对磺酰脲类除草剂进行解毒效应．     

Applicability of ELISA for determination of metsulfuron‐methyl in soil samples

An immunoassay (ELISA) for analysis of metsulfuron‐methyl was evaluated as a method for quantifying residues in soil. Soil samples were extracted with phosphate buffered saline (PBS), PBS + acetone (80 + 20 by volume) or ammonium carbonate and were analyzed with both ELISA and LC‐MS. A tendency for the ELISA to overstimate the metsulfuron‐methyl content was noted and matrix effects were pronounced, particularly in PBS + acetone or ammonium carbonate extracts. Dilution of extracts before analysis improved the situation but reduced the sensitivity of the assay. Using light standard concentrations it was shown that the extracts in PBS on dilutions exhibited a curve parallel with the standard curve, indicating no significant interference due to matrix effects. A working range of 10–250 ng litre⁻¹ was found for ELISA on this type of extracts. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry