新疆的沙拐枣灌木荒漠

以沙拐枣属(Calligonum)植物为建群种或共建种组成的植物群落,是亚非荒漠区中一类很独特的植被,它在新疆南北的荒漠中也广泛分布。这种灌木荒漠以其独特的生活型、外貌特点和薪柴、饲用、固沙、蜜源等经济特点,早就引起人们的注意,进行过不少分类学、生物生态学、引种驯化等方面的研究。但是对它的群落类型学及其生态地理规律却研究得不多。我们根据多年的野外考察资料,把这方面的问题整理成文,报道出来供参考。     

苔藓植物生态学研究的数量分析方法

植被数量分析方法在苔藓植被中的应用起步较晚，仅有20多年的研究历史，但发展却十分迅速。这里介绍了目前苔藓植物生态学研究中应用较为普遍的数量分析方法，并探讨了各自的优缺点。     

房干村石灰岩山地植物群落数量分类与排序研究

在群落样方调查基础上,采用双向指示种分析法(TWINSPAN)和除趋势对应分析(DCA)对莱芜房干村植物群落进行了数量分类和排序。TWINSPAN将20个样方分为7组,根据植被分类的原则划分为7个群落,论述了各群落的群落学特征。20个样方的DCA排序结果反映了植物群落类型与环境梯度之间的关系,表明影响群落分布格局的主要生态因子为海拔高度和坡向。     

Infection-interactions in Ethiopian village chickens

Chickens raised under village production systems are exposed to a wide variety of pathogens, and current or previous infections may affect their susceptibility to further infections with another parasite, and/or can alter the manifestation of each infection. It is possible that co-infections may be as important as environmental risk factors. However, in cross-sectional studies, where the timing of infection is unknown, apparent associations between infections may be observed due to parasites sharing common risk factors. This study measured antibody titres to 3 viral (Newcastle disease, Marek's disease and infectious bursal disease) and 2 bacterial (Pasteurella multocida and Salmonella) diseases, and the infection prevalence of 3 families of endo- and ecto-parasites (Ascaridida, Eimeria and lice) in 1056 village chickens from two geographically distinct populations in Ethiopia. Samples were collected during 4 cross-sectional surveys, each approximately 6 months apart. Constrained ordination, a technique for analysis of ecological community data, was used to explore this complex dataset and enabled potential relationships to be uncovered and tested despite the different measurements used for the different parasites. It was found that only a small proportion of variation in the data could be explained by the risk factors measured. Very few birds (9/1280) were found to be seropositive to Newcastle disease. Positive relationships were identified between Pasteurella and Salmonella titres; and between Marek's disease and parasitic infections, and these two groups of diseases were correlated with females and males, respectively. This may suggest differences in the way that the immune systems of male and female chickens interact with these parasites. In conclusion, we find that a number of infectious pathogens and their interactions are likely to impact village chicken health and production. Control of these infections is likely to be of importance in future development planning.     

Genotype by environment effects and selection for drought tolerance in tropical maize. II. Three-mode pattern analysis

A selection program in three tropical maize populations aimed to improve tolerance of mid-season to late season drought environments while maintaining grain yield (GY) potential. The selection process employed other attributes that included maintaining a constant anthesis date (AD) and, under drought, shortening the anthesis-silking interval (ASI) and increasing ear number per plant (EPP). Three-mode (genotypes × environments × attributes) pattern analysis, which consists of clustering and ordination, should be able to collectively interpret these changes from ten evaluation trials. Mixture maximum likelihood clustering identified four groups that indicated the populations' performance had changed with selection. Groups containing the advanced cycles of selection were higher yielding in most environments and had lower ASI and higher EPP, particularly in drought environments. Check entries with no selection for drought tolerance remained grouped with the initial cycles of selection. A 3 × 2 × 3 (genotypes by environments by attributes) principal component model explained 70% of the variation. For the first environmental component, ASI was shown to be highly negatively correlated with both GY and EPP while anthesis date (AD) was virtually uncorrelated with other traits. The second environmental component (explaining 10% of the variation) contrasted droughted and well-watered environments and showed that EPP and GY were better indicators of this contrast (in terms of changes in population performance) than were AD or ASI. Three-mode analysis demonstrated that improvements with selection occurred in both droughted and well-watered environments and clearly summarised the overall success of the breeding program. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

云顶山自然保护区植物群落的分类与排序

采用TW INSPAN多元分析方法将云顶山自然保护区58个群落样方划分为:华北落叶松+白桦-金银忍冬-披针苔草群丛;白杄+华北落叶松-土庄绣线菊+金花忍冬-披针苔草+小红菊群丛;白桦-土庄绣线菊-紫苞鸢尾群丛;白桦-美蔷薇+金花忍冬-小红菊群丛;油松+辽东栎-金花忍冬+黄刺玫-披针苔草+小红菊群丛等13个群丛。应用DCA排序的结果表明:DCA第一轴从左到右坡向的变化趋势为阴坡→半阴坡→半阳坡→阳坡;DCA第二轴从上到下海拔有逐渐升高的趋势。68个优势种的DCA排序图所反映出的结果与样方排序图所反映的结果相一致。     

DCA、CCA和DCCA三种排序方法在中国草地植被群落中的应用现状

排序是用来分析植被与环境之间生态关系的重要手段。该文主要是对除趋势对应分析(DCA)、典范对应分析(CCA)和除趋势典范对应分析(DCCA)这三种排序方法进行总结,讨论它们在中国草地植被群落研究中的应用现状,并得出除趋势对应分析与聚类分析结合使用效果比较好,主要是用来揭示群落之间的关系,并且在实际的应用中也比较多,而典范对应分析和除趋势典范对应分析在揭示种与环境关系方面具有明显的优势,但是由于某些条件的限制,在实际研究中应用的比较少。可见这几种排序方法在实际应用中具有一定的优势,所以应该加强这方面的应用,更加深入的研究草地植被群落,以期对草地生态学及草地植被群落生态关系的研究工作发挥重要的借鉴作用。     

西北半干旱区湿地生态系统植物群落空间分布特征研究

该文以宁夏哈巴湖自然保护区四儿滩湿地为研究对象,探讨西北干旱、半干旱区湿地-草原生态系统植物群落空间分布特征及影响群落空间分布格局的主要环境因子。外业调查选择每年的植物生长季节,从东、东北、西、西北4个方向沿着湿地-草原生境梯度布设4条样线,每条样线均超过1 km。调查内容包括植物盖度、生物量、密度、频度、高度等,以及土壤环境因子。采用TWINSPAN数量分类方法和DCA排序方法对四儿滩湿地植被进行数量分类和排序,同时进行排序轴与土壤环境因子间的秩相关分析。研究表明:研究区植被分为3个植被型14个群丛。第一组为盐生沼泽植被,以湿生、盐生植物为主,代表群丛为芦苇+盐爪爪,主要分布在湿生带;第二组为草甸植被型,以湿生、中生植物为主,代表群丛为白刺+白草群丛,主要分布在湿地-草原交错带;第三组为草原植被型,以中生、旱生的赖草+新疆猪毛菜+苦豆子群丛为主,分布在草原旱生带。秩相关分析结果表明:土壤含水量、全盐含量、土壤养分含量（全N、速效K、有机质等）均是影响植被沿湿地-草原梯度分布格局的主要环境因子;湿地 草原不同方位间植被分布格局差异的主要影响因子是地形及放牧等。此外,该文还对重要值的完善与改进进行了探讨。      

丁香属植物过氧化物酶同工酶的初步研究

本文对丁香属国产的有代表性的10种和原产于欧洲的1种丁香,进行了过氧化物酶同工酶的研究,并对测定结果进行了二维排序,结果表明:(1)所测定的种类共有21条酶谱带;(2)酶谱距离的二维排序,基本支持A.Rehder 1945年对丁香属的系统分类观点;(3)酶谱可做为丁香属分种的依据之一,尤其对相近的疑难种类适用。