辣椒核质互作雄性不育系与保持系呼吸速率研究

 以辣椒核质互作雄性不育系9704A,8214A和它们相应的保持系9704B,8214B为材料,研究了叶片和不同发育阶段花蕾的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)的变化趋势。结果表明：在不育系中,随着花蕾的发育,总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈下降趋势;而在保持系中总呼吸速率(Vt)变化趋势不明显,抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)呈上升趋势;在叶片中,不育系的总呼吸速率(Vt)、抗氰呼吸速率(Valt)和抗氰呼吸速率所占总呼吸速率的比例(Valt/Vt)均小于保持系。     

亚麻籽双液相多级逆流萃取工艺模拟试验

为了考察双液相技术萃取亚麻籽的工业化效果,应用模拟试验探讨了多级逆流萃取工艺应用于正己烷-乙醇-水三元双液相亚麻籽萃油脱氰苷生产的可行性。结果表明,在料烷比1︰5 (m/V),料醇比1︰2 (m/V),温度55℃,时间 30 min,乙醇质量分数85% (m/m),NaOH添加量为乙醇相0.05% (m/V)的条件下,实验室串级模拟四级逆流萃取达到工艺要求,亚麻粕中残油量小于1%,氰苷残余小于0.7 mg/kg,多级逆流接触法萃取流程适宜于亚麻籽双液相萃油脱氰苷生产工艺。     

碳纳米管掺杂Fe(Ⅱ)-Zn催化剂催化合成生物柴油

以多壁碳纳米管（CNTs）掺杂制备的Fe(Ⅱ)-Zn双金属氰化物（DMC）固体酸催化剂,用其催化菜籽油酯交换反应制备生物柴油,并采用X射线粉末衍射﹑傅里叶红外变换光谱﹑扫描电镜等方法对催化剂结构和性能进行表征。实验发现,添加少量的碳纳米管对催化剂的活性有很大很高,其中添加质量百分数为5%碳纳米管的DMC催化剂活性最高,在醇油摩尔比16∶1,反应温度160℃,催化剂加入量为2 wt%的条件下,反应7 h,脂肪酸甲酯收率达到95.8%（质量百分数）。碳纳米管引入对催化剂的组成没有影响,但使得催化剂更加分散,颗粒度更小,更多的大孔道结构,有利于催化剂和反应物接触,从而提高了催化剂活性。     

Suppression of Meloidogyne javanica by Pseudomonas aeruginosa IE-6S in tomato: the influence of NaCl, oxygen and iron levels

Understanding the environmental factors that influence the suppression of disease-suppressive strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens is an essential step toward improving the level and reliability of their biocontrol activity. A 0.8 M NaCl concentration was optimal for in vitro survival and growth of IE-6S⁺ while, nematicidal activity by IE-6S⁺ was maximal when the bacterium was exposed to 0.4 M NaCl. The bacterium was highly sensitive to high (1.6 M) NaCl concentration. Culture filtrate of the bacterium resulting from the medium supplemented with 0.2 or 0.4 M NaCl showed the presence of secondary metabolite, hydrogen cyanide (HCN). Soil amendment with IE-6S⁺ alone or in conjunction with up to 0.8 M NaCl enhanced bacterial efficacy towards Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. Soil amendment with NaCl up to 0.8 M also resulted in enhanced bacterial rhizosphere colonization and growth of tomato seedlings. Protein content of the shoot was reduced when soil was amended with 1.6 M NaCl. Inner root establishment of the bacterium was greatly affected in the soils treated with 1.6 M NaCl. Under in vitro conditions, IE-6S⁺ showed enhanced growth when kept at ambient oxygen conditions while the growth of bacterium affected when incubated at low oxygen conditions. Culture filtrate of the bacterium resulting from low oxygen level caused greater mortality of M. javanica juveniles in vitro compared with the filtrates obtained from ambient oxygen conditions. Culture filtrate from low oxygen conditions also showed the presence of hydrogen cyanide while those from ambient oxygen condition did not. Under glasshouse conditions, regardless of bacterial application, nematode penetration rate was greater when the pots were watered from the top; nematode penetration was lowered in bacterized pots compared with non-bacterized controls. IE-6S⁺ applied in the pots either watered from the top or bottom had no significant impact on growth of tomato but protein contents of the leaves increased after treatment with the bacterium. Rhizosphere and inner root colonization of the bacterium increased when the pots were watered from the top. Under in vitro conditions, with an increased iron concentration in the form of FeEDDHA, growth of IE-6S⁺ and its nematicidal activity increased. Culture filtrate of IE-6S⁺ obtained from liquid King's B medium supplemented with 0.5 or 1.0 mM FeEDDHA showed the presence of HCN. Under glasshouse conditions, soil treated with FeEDDHA alone did not reduce nematode penetration rates but did reduce greatly when applied in conjunction with IE-6S⁺. FeEDDHA applied at 0.5 mg/kg of soil in combination with IE-6S⁺ significantly enhanced plant growth and leaf protein contents. FeEDDHA at 1 mg/kg of soil increased bacterial populations both in the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato.     

Physiopathological Effects of the Administration of Chronic Cyanide to Growing Goats – A Model for Ingestion of Cyanogenic Plants

Ingestion of cyanogenic plants, such as cassava and sorghum, has been associated with goitre and tropical pancreatic diabetes in both humans and animals. Thus, the objective of the present study was to determine the toxic effects on the thyroid and pancreas in growing goats of prolonged exposure to potassium cyanide (KCN). Thirty-four male goats were divided into five groups dosed with KCN at 0 (control), 0.3, 0.6, 1.2 or 3.0 mg/kg daily for 5 months. Blood samples were obtained in order to determine the glucose, cholesterol, thyroxine (T₄), triiodothyronine (T₃) and thiocyanate concentrations and for haematological studies; pancreas and thyroid gland were collected for histopathological study. The group receiving the highest dose of cyanide showed lower body weight gains and carcase weights and a decrease in plasma T₃ concentrations compared to the control group. Reabsorption vacuoles in follicular colloid and normocytic normochromic anaemia were observed in the experimental animals. Inhibition of peripheral conversion of T₄ to T₃ is suggested. However, no diabetogenic effects were observed.     

Impact of sodium cyanide on catalase activity in the freshwater exotic carp, Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus)

The Cyprinus carpio fingerlings on exposure to lethal (1 mg/L) and sub lethal concentrations (0.066 mg/L) of sodium cyanide showed inhibition in the activity of catalase. The disruption of catalase activity in freshwater fish, C. carpio is demonstrated in the present study using UV–visible spectrophotometer at 240 nm using hydrogen peroxide as a substrate. It suggests toxic effects of sodium cyanide and consequent accumulation of hydrogen peroxide in the functionally different tissues namely, liver, gill, muscle and brain. This might lead to cellular damages, and create widespread physiological disturbance. The results suggest that catalase activity can be a good diagnostic tool for sodium cyanide toxicity in biomonitoring programme.     

Development of a new humane toxin for predator control in New Zealand

The endemic fauna of New Zealand evolved in the absence of mammalian predators and their introduction has been responsible for many extinctions and declines. Introduced species including possums (Trichosurus vulpecula Kerr), ship rats (Rattus rattus L.) and stoats (Mustela erminea L.) are targeted to protect native birds. Control methodologies currently rely largely on labor-intensive trapping or the use of increasingly unpopular poisons, or poisons that are linked with low welfare standards. Hence, the development of safer humane predator toxins and delivery systems is highly desirable. Para-aminopropiophenone (PAPP) is being developed as a toxin for feral cats (Felis catus L.) and stoats. Carnivores appear to be much more susceptible to PAPP than birds, so it potentially has high target specificity, at least in New Zealand. Pen trials with 20 feral cats and 15 stoats have been undertaken using meat baits containing a proprietary formulation of PAPP. A PAPP dose of 20–34 mg kg⁻¹ was lethal for feral cats and 37–95 mg kg⁻¹ was lethal for stoats. Our assessments suggest that PAPP, for the control of feral cats and stoats, is a humane and effective toxin. PAPP causes methaemoglobinaemia, resulting in central nervous system anoxia, lethargy and death.     

Whole blood cyanide levels of mainly dietary origin in a human population sample in Port Harcourt,Nigeria

Whole blood cyanide levels in a human population sample of volunteers known to each gari-based meals at least once a day were determined. The most widely eaten cassava product in the area of research is gari. The mean blood cyanide obtained for healthy normal volunteers was 0.294 ± 0.09 mol/L while the value for sicklers was 0.398±0.008 mol/L, indicating the possibility of reduced rate of metabolism and excretion of cyanide by sicklers as compared to non-sicklers.Investigation of post-absorption distribution indicated that whole blood cyanide increased by 0.014 mol/L, 3–4 hours after a gari-based meal in normal volunteers. A decrease of 0.012 mol/L occurred after a whole-rice meal. The increase in plasma cyanide 2–3 hours after a gari-based meal was about 25% more than the increase in erythrocyte cyanide suggesting a significant contribution of plasma cyanide to whole blood cyanide levels. 0.013–0.015 mg cyanide per kg of gari was determined for samples of this staple food in the locality of research.