Seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its endogenous control in horsenettle (Solanum carolinense L.)

Controlling established horsenettle plants is achieved by suppressing shoot emergence from root systems. The seasonal pattern of shoot emergence and its possible endogenous control in horsenettle ( Solanum carolinense L.) were investigated. The shoot emergence period in an undisturbed population was limited to a seven-week period from mid-April, and a little longer in tilled conditions. Detached roots showed very high shoot-sprouting ability under 15–30°C throughout the year. In shoot clipping experiments, new shoots sprouted only from the stem and not from the root when attached to shoots, whether above-ground or underground. On the contrary, new shoots sprouted from the roots when all parts of the shoots were clipped off. From these results, the limited shoot emergence period in horsenettle is thought to be initiated by temperatures necessary for sprouting and is ended by a growth correlation effect between early emerged and matured shoots.     

乙烯对匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中AsA-GSH循环及胼胝质沉积的影响

以匍匐翦股颖品种“Penn-A4”为试验材料,侵染立枯丝核菌后,经丁二醇(BDO)诱导产生系统抗性(ISR),喷施不同浓度的乙烯合成抑制剂氯化钴(CoCl₂)和促进剂1-氨基环丙烷羧酸(ACC)后,检测抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽(AsA-GSH)循环中抗坏血酸(AsA)和还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)含量及相关酶活性的变化,并观察匍匐翦股颖ISR反应中胼胝质沉积的变化。结果表明,乙烯抑制剂处理下,匍匐翦股颖幼苗中AsA含量较低,抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性下降,大量GSH被催化还原为氧化型谷胱甘肽(GSSG),GSSG大量积累,同时谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)活性较低,GSSG经GR少量还原为GSH。乙烯促进剂处理下,AsA含量较高,APX活性升高,GSSG在高活性GR作用下催化还原为GSH,使得GSH大量积累。因此在匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病反应中,高浓度乙烯促进AsA和GSH的大量积累,它们不仅参与了活性氧的代谢平衡,同时也作为信号分子在ISR抗病反应中起着重要作用。匍匐翦股颖感染褐斑病后,胼胝质主要沉积在厚壁细胞、韧皮部、木质部和表皮组织,其中厚壁细胞胼胝质沉积最多,表皮组织沉积最少。此外,胼胝质沉积面积在不同乙烯信号分子处理间存在差异,但随着处理时间的延长差异不显著。一定浓度的乙烯对ISR反应中胼胝质的沉积具有一定的影响,随着处理时间的延长显著增加,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理5 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积仅为9.916 mm²,处理10 d后升至最高,为38.396 mm²,但在病害侵染后期,胼胝质数量减少,在100 μmol·L^-1ACC处理15 d后,胼胝质沉积总面积降至20.052 mm²,反映了乙烯信号分子对胼胝质沉积的影响是一种短期效应,短期内可提高匍匐翦股颖植株抗病性,具有信号分子的短时效特点。研究结果为探清匍匐翦股颖ISR抗病响应中ET信号分子如何调控抗病生理特性提供了理论基础。     

Effects of milk thistle meal on performance,ileal bacterial enumeration,jejunal morphology and blood lipid peroxidation in laying hens fed diets with different levels of metabolizable energy

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of milk thistle meal on performance, blood biochemical indices, ileal bacterial counts and intestinal histology in laying hens fed diets containing different levels of metabolizable energy. A total number of 200 Leghorn laying hens (Hy‐Line W‐36) were randomly assigned to eight experimental treatments with five cage replicates of five birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of four levels of milk thistle meal (0%, 15%, 30% and 60%) and two levels of AME_n (11.09 and 12.34 MJ/kg) fed over a period of 80 days. In vitro studies revealed that the total phenolic component of milk thistle meal was 470.64 mg gallic acid equivalent/g of the sample, and its antioxidant activity for inhibiting the 2‐2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrichydrazyl free radical and reducing ferric ions was about 21% higher than that of butylated hydroxyltoluene (p < .05). Diets containing high level of AME_n led to improved egg production (p < .05), egg weight (p < .05), egg mass (p < .01) and feed conversion ratio (p < .01). In addition, offering diets containing high energy significantly enhanced (p < .01) serum triglyceride and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations as well as jejunal villus height. Dietary supplementation of 3% milk thistle meal resulted in the best feed conversion ratio (p < .05), reduction of ileal Escherichia coli enumeration (p < .01) and an enhancement in the villus height‐to‐crypt depth ratio (p < .05). Furthermore, feeding incremental levels of this meal led to remarkable decrease in serum cholesterol, triglyceride and MDA (p < .01) concentrations while significant increase in blood high‐density lipoprotein content and goblet cell numbers (p < .05). The present findings indicate that milk thistle meal with high antioxidant and antibacterial properties in laying hen diets may improve health indices and productive performance.     

红花粕和水飞蓟粕对生长獭兔的营养价值评定

本试验旨在通过饲养试验和消化试验来评定红花粕和水飞蓟粕在生长獭兔上的营养价值。选取18只60日龄左右、平均体重(1.73±0.21)kg、健康状况良好的白色獭兔,随机分为3个组,每组6个重复,每个重复1只兔。各组分别饲喂基础饲粮、红花粕饲粮(85%基础饲粮+15%红花粕)和水飞蓟粕饲粮(85%基础饲粮+15%水飞蓟粕)。预试期和正试期各5 d。采用化学分析法测定红花粕和水飞蓟粕的总能(GE)及各营养物质含量,采用全收粪法测定生长獭兔对各营养物质的表观消化率。结果表明:红花粕和水飞蓟粕中的GE、干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、粗纤维(CF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、粗脂肪(EE)、粗灰分(Ash)、钙(Ca)、磷(P)以及无氮浸出物(NFE)的含量分别为:18.81 MJ/kg、93.76%、23.94%、14.95%、19.92%、11.99%、2.19%、1.64%、4.93%、0.37%、0.57%、49.32%与17.12 MJ/kg、91.94%、23.62%、16.21%、38.57%、22.73%、4.04%、2.07%、5.31%、0.29%、0.68%、42.09%。生长獭兔对红花粕和水飞蓟粕中GE、DM、CP、CF、NDF、ADF、EE、Ash、Ca、P和NFE的表观消化率分别为62.60%、61.72%、62.39%、15.68%、26.30%、14.75%、80.69%、38.35%、59.35%、31.98%、79.61%与63.13%、61.94%、68.01%、15.74%、27.64%、14.98%、79.90%、38.20%、60.44%、32.99%、79.81%。由此可见,生长獭兔对红花粕和水飞蓟粕中的不同营养成分的表观消化率存在一定差异,结合2种原料各营养物质含量总体分析,2种原料均可作为獭兔的蛋白质饲料资源应用,并且对生长獭兔的营养价值相近。     

草坪草茎建植技术及管理

用草坪草茎建植草坪是草坪绿地无性繁殖的重要方法。改草皮铺植为草茎播植,并采用机械收集、加工草茎,贮存草茎,人工撒播,精细管理的方法繁殖草坪。这种方法人工费较少,运输量小,播种简单,繁殖系数高,成坪快,坪用性状好,成本低,值得推广应用。     

Salinity and Temperature Effects on Seed Germination of Milk Thistle

Abstract

Milk thistle [Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn] is an annual plant belonging to the Asteraceae family whose ripe seeds contain flavonoid substances, which are important in the modern pharmaceutical industry. Seed germination is a major factor limiting the establishment of plants under saline conditions. The effect of salinity and temperatures on germination and seedling establishment was studied in two genotypes of milk thistle, an Iranian wild type and German (Royston) type in the laboratory and in the field. Experiments were done with seven salt concentrations [0.1 (control), 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 dS/m] and three temperatures (15, 25, and 35°C). There were three replications for each treatment, and the experiment was run three times. The results showed that the percentage of germination and the number of normal seedlings at different salt treatment at 15°C were higher than at 25 or 35°C. The mean time to 50% germination was least at this temperature for both genotypes. Results suggested all germination indices and seedling emergence (50%) were achieved at levels up to 9 dS/m salinity at 15°C. Also, seeds at a salinity of 9–15 dS/m will germinate and up to 25% of the control nonstress treatment could emerge at the low temperature of 15°C.     

杂交鲍稚鲍"漫爬病"潜在病原菌胞外产物的分析及种类鉴定

从发病的杂交鲍(皱纹盘鲍×盘鲍)稚鲍中共分离27株菌株,并对其分泌胞外产物(包括酪蛋白酶、明胶酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、磷脂酶和溶血素)的能力进行了分析。试验结果表明,具有分泌胞外蛋白酶、明胶酶、淀粉酶、脂肪酶、磷脂酶和溶血素能力的菌株分别占总菌株数的81.5%(22/27)、74.1%(20/27)、18.5%(5/27)、0%(0/27)、11.1%(3/27)、29.6%(8/27)。其中,1#、14#菌株具有很强的产胞外蛋白酶能力,而明胶酶的最大分泌者为2#、7#、9#、17#菌株,淀粉酶的为11#、14#菌株,磷脂酶的为11#、15#菌株,溶血素的为菌株10#、21#。此外,10#、11#、15#菌株可同时分泌4种胞外产物,而12#、14#、18#、21#、23#、24#菌株可同时分泌3种胞外产物。综合考虑每一种胞外酶的潜在致病作用,以及菌株分泌多种胞外酶的能力,初步确认11株菌为潜在的致病菌:1#、2#、7#、9#、10#、11#、12#、14#、15#、17#、21#。用API条带法对它们进行了种类鉴定,11株菌中巴斯德氏菌和假单胞菌所占的比例分别为45.5%、27.3%。     

Growth and ion accumulation responses of four grass species to salinity

Ion inclusion or ion exclusion are the two main strategies developed by plants to tolerate saline environments. Shoot sodium (Na⁺), potassium (K⁺), and calcium (Ca²⁺) in four perennial grass species (tall wheatgrass, Nuttall's alkaligrass, creeping foxtail, and switchgrass) treated with nutrient solution salinity levels ranging from 2 to 32 dS m^?1 were measured. As the nutrient solution salinity was increased from 2 to 10 dS m^?1, tall wheatgrass, creeping foxtail and Nuttall's alkali grass had increased shoot Na⁺ and decreased Ca²⁺ concentration while maintaining growth suggesting that these species tolerated these changes in shoot ion concentration. In contrast, switchgrass excluded Na⁺ from the shoot and maintained K⁺ and Ca²⁺ concentrations but suffered dramatic shoot dry weight reduction. Thus, the Na⁺ exclusion mechanisms present in switchgrass were less efficient in maintaining growth under the 10 dS m^?1 nutrient solution treatment than the Na⁺ inclusion mechanisms used by the other three species.     

水飞蓟籽油精炼工艺研究

为了提高水飞蓟籽的综合利用率,研究水飞蓟籽油精炼的优化工艺。以机械压榨水飞蓟籽油为原料,分别采用单因素、多因素正交试验,系统研究了碱炼脱酸、活性白土脱色及水蒸气蒸馏脱臭的工艺条件,并以水飞蓟宾为标准,使用HPLC检测精炼前后水飞蓟素的含量。优化研究结果表明:超量碱0.15%,氢氧化钠浓度10%,中和时间25min,中和温度60℃为碱炼脱酸最适条件;在活性白土添加量4%,脱色时间25min,脱色温度100℃的条件下脱色效果最好;通入水蒸气2h可有效去除毛油在高温时容易产生的臭味;精炼油的水飞蓟素含量为0.247mg.g-1,其水飞蓟素的损失率为11.47%。精炼后各项理化指标经检测符合食用植物油标准,保证了水飞蓟籽油的营养价值。     

诱导剂丁二醇对匍匐翦股颖抗病相关的防卫酶活性的影响

以丁二醇作为诱导剂,水杨酸和朴海因作对比,进行了匍匐翦股颖抗病性的诱导,比较分析了丁二醇喷施前后匍匐翦股颖体内过氧化物酶(POD)、苯丙氨酸解氨酶(PAL)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)的变化情况。试验结果表明,50～150μmol/L丁二醇均对匍匐翦股颖有一定的诱导作用,其中,100μmol/L丁二醇处理效果最好,病情指数由对照的93.33降至31.33。100μmol/L丁二醇处理后,匍匐翦股颖植株体内过氧化物酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性明显增强,在处理后的第7d,POD,PAL和PPO分别是对照的1.8,1.9和4.3倍。