美国环境素养测评发展及对我国的启示

环境素养测评研究起源于美国,并且历经30年的发展得以完善,而我国环境素养测评研究尚处于起步阶段。该研究对比分析了中美学者在环境素养测评方面的差距,以提高国内研究水平,培育公众环境素养,促进生态文明、环境友好型社会建设。     

1959-2009年乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川零平衡线高度变化研究

基于1959-2009年间天山乌鲁木齐河源1号冰川观测资料,研究了该冰川零平衡线高度变化特征,并建立了零平衡线高度与夏季气温和夏季降水量之间的统计关系。研究表明:近51年来,1号冰川零平衡线高度呈缓慢上升、缓慢下降、急剧上升、急剧下降的变化趋势,但总体呈上升趋势,且该冰川零平衡线高度上升了约45m。1号冰川零平衡线高度和年净物质平衡有良好的线性关系,冰川处于稳定状态时的零平衡线高度为4018m。此外,对1号冰川零平衡线高度的气候敏感性研究表明,如果夏季气温升高(或降低)1℃,那么该冰川零平衡线高度将上升(或下降)约64m;如果夏季降水量增加(或减少)100mm,那么该冰川零平衡线高度将下降(上升)约21m,夏季气温是影响冰川零平衡线高度变化的主要气候因素。     

Characterization of depolymerized residues from extremely low acid hydrolysis (ELA) of sugarcane bagasse cellulose: Effects of degree of polymerization, crystallinity and crystallite size on thermal decomposition

Sugarcane bagasse cellulose was subjected to the extremely low acid (ELA) hydrolysis in 0.07% H₂SO₄ at 190, 210 and 225 °C for various times. The cellulose residues from this process were characterized by TGA, XRD, GPC, FTIR and SEM. A kinetic study of thermal decomposition of the residues was also carried out, using the ASTM and Kissinger methods. The thermal studies revealed that residues of cellulose hydrolyzed at 190, 210 and 225 °C for 80, 40 and 8 min have initial decomposition temperature and activation energy for the main decomposition step similar to those of Avicel PH-101. XRD studies confirmed this finding by showing that these cellulose residues are similar to Avicel in crystallinity index and crystallite size in relation to the 110 and 200 planes. FTIR spectra revealed no significant changes in the cellulose chemical structure and analysis of SEM micrographs demonstrated that the particle size of the cellulose residues hydrolyzed at 190 and 210 °C were similar to that of Avicel.