Management of yellow dwarf disease in Europe in a post‐neonicotinoid agriculture

Barley/cereal yellow dwarf viruses (YDVs) cause yellow dwarf disease (YDD), which is a continuous risk to cereals production worldwide. These viruses cause leaf yellowing and stunting, resulting in yield reductions of up to 80%. YDVs have been a consistent but low‐level problem in European cereal cultivation for the last three decades, mostly due to the availability of several effective insecticides (largely pyrethroids and more recently neonicotinoids) against aphid vectors. However, this has changed recently, with many insecticides being lost, culminating in a recent European Union (EU) regulation prohibiting outdoor use of the neonicotinoid‐insecticide compounds. This change is coupled with the growing challenge of insecticide‐resistant aphids, the lack of genetic resources against YDVs, and a knowledge deficit around the parameters responsible for the emergence and spread of YDD. This means that economic sustainability of cereal cultivation in several European countries including France and United Kingdom is now again threatened by this aphid‐vectored viral disease. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the YDV pathosystem, describe management options against YDD, analyse the impacts of the neonicotinoid ban in Europe, and consider future strategies to control YDV. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry     

拥挤度和杀虫剂对蚜虫翅型分化和生长繁殖的影响

[目的]为了全面评价田间杀虫剂对害虫的非致死作用,[方法]我们选择了亚致死剂量吡虫啉和种群拥挤作为处理因子,测度了大豆蚜的产蚜量、成蚜寿命、若蚜历期及有翅蚜数量等指标,评价两个因子对蚜虫的寄主植株上种群的增殖力和转移扩散风险的影响性质及大小。[结果]结果表明：亚致死剂量吡虫啉对大豆蚜植株上种群有明显降低繁殖率的作用,从而有效减轻本地危害；另外,用药导致有翅蚜的数量显著降低,能降低蚜虫转移为害的风险。拥挤降低了第一代蚜虫种群的繁殖力,对第二代种群繁殖力没有显著影响。另一方面,拥挤造成有翅蚜数量增加,会增加蚜虫转移为害的风险。药剂和拥挤存在显著交互作用。[结论]研究表明：亚致死剂量的吡虫啉会降低大豆蚜后代的在原植株上的为害和转移为害,拥挤会消减药剂在植株上的控害作用,也会增加蚜虫转移为害的风险。     

Mixed cropping with ice plant alleviates the damage and the growth of cowpea under consecutive NaCl treatment and after the recovery from high salinity

We investigated the alleviative effects of mixed cropping using ice plant, which is one of the salt-accumulating halophytes, on the damage and growth inhibition of cowpea, which is not tolerant to high salinity. Three cropping patterns (mono cropping of cowpea and ice plant and their combination) were tested. The plants were treated with 0, 100, 200 and 300 mM NaCl for 14 days (consecutive NaCl). The plants were also treated with NaCl for 3 days, followed by 2 weeks (short-term recovery) and 1 month (long-term recovery) recovery. Salinity levels for short-term recovery were similar to those of the consecutive experiment, while the concentration of long-term recovery was 250 mM. The alleviative effects of mixed cropping in the consecutive NaCl experiment were observed at 200 and 300 mM NaCl. Mixed cropping significantly reduced the Na content in the cowpea leaves at 200 and 300 mM NaCl compared with mono cropping. In addition, the Na content in the soil of mix-cropped cowpea at 200 and 300 mM NaCl was statistically lower than that of the mono cropping. Mixed cropping was effective to recover from high concentration of NaCl in the experiments of short- and long-term recovery. These results indicate that mixed cropping with a halophyte could be effective in mitigating the damage and growth inhibition of a glycophyte not only under salinity but also under recovery periods.     

14种悬浮种衣剂防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的防效评价

摘 要：为有效控制玉米地下害虫、蚜虫和茎基腐病的常年危害，筛选具有较好控制作用的种衣剂，笔者开展了14种悬浮种衣剂田间药效试验。试验表明：14种种衣剂对供试玉米品种出苗安全；氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)处理的出苗率96.7%为最高值。氟虫腈?噻虫嗪（30%悬浮种衣剂）(1:1000)对玉米地下害虫、玉米蚜虫的防治效果分别达84.8%、80.0%。精甲?咯?嘧菌（11%悬浮种衣剂）(1:2000)对玉米茎基腐病的防治效果达73.7%。说明以噻虫嗪、氟虫腈和甲霜灵为主的复配防治玉米地下害虫、蚜虫、茎基腐病，能够取得较好的防治效果。建议针对不同的生态类型区域，结合品种、施肥、管理等措施选用不同的配方，以取得最佳的防治效果。     

GNA和ACA双价转基因烟草培育及其抗蚜研究

蚜虫是一种常见的农作物害虫,作为多种植物病毒的载体而成为影响农业发展的重要害虫之一,对蚜虫的防治一直是众多科学工作者所面对的难题。构建了雪花莲凝集素(GNA)和苋菜凝集素(ACA)双价植物表达载体pBI121-GA,在农杆菌介导下,叶盘法转化烟草NC89,得到卡那霉素抗性植株65株。通过基因组PCR、ELISA、RT-PCR和Western-blot等分子生物学检测,从中筛选出外源凝集素不同表达水平的转基因烟草5株。对筛选出的5株转基因烟草植株进行初步蚜虫抗性实验,证实转基因烟草对桃蚜表现出一定的抗性,最高抑制率达85.8%,为农作物双价抗蚜基因的应用研究提供一定的理论基础。     

豇豆新品种浙翠9号的选育

浙翠9号是以浙翠2号为母本、夏宝2号为父本育成的长豇豆新品种。该品种中熟偏晚,生长势较强,主、侧蔓均可结荚,荚长69.5 cm、宽0.9 cm,单荚质量30.5 g,豆荚粗细匀称、肉厚、肉质致密;嫩荚浅绿色,商品性好;春季栽培全生育期为115~122 d,秋季栽培全生育期为105~112 d,抗逆性好,抗病毒病,中抗煤霉病、枯萎病。     

Past, present and future criteria to breed crops for water-limited environments in West Africa

Asia's Green Revolution of the 1960s and 1970s has largely bypassed West Africa, and “modern” (high-yielding, input responsive) germplasm for staple crops has found comparatively little adoption, except for systems that are have good access to markets and sufficient water resources. It is unlikely, however, that breeding objectives conserving traditional crop characteristics as found in extensive systems would have been more successful. The authors identify systems caught in the agricultural transition from subsistence to intensified, market-oriented production as the most important target for crop improvement, and provide examples of new breeding objectives for cowpea, sorghum and upland rice. In each of these cases, breeders, with the help of physiologists, have developed innovative plant-type concepts that combine improved yield potential and input responsiveness with specific traditional crop characteristics that remain essential during the agricultural transition. In the case of cowpea, dual-purpose varieties were developed that produce a good grain yield due to an erect plant habit, then produce new leaves enabling a second harvest of green foliage. For upland rice systems that are limited by labour (mainly needed to control weeds that abound due to shortened fallow periods), a weed competitive plant type was developed from Oryza sativa × Oryza glaberrima crosses. Lastly, sorghum breeders who had previously deselected photoperiod sensitivity are now re-inserting sensitivity into plants having “modern” architecture, in order to allow for flexible sowing dates while maintaining an agro-ecologically optimal time of flowering near the end of the wet season. The ecophysiological basis of these plant types, their place in current and future cropping systems, as well as the problem of under-funding for their realisation, are discussed.     

不同光质对豇豆幼苗光合特性和若干生理生化指标的影响

在南方设施栽培环境条件下,以矮生豇豆为试材,研究不同光质(红光、蓝光、绿光、白光)对叶片光合特性及生理生化指标的影响.结果表明,红光处理有利于叶绿素含量、光合速率、蒸腾速率、可溶性糖含量的提高,而蓝光处理则有利于类胡萝卜素含量、可溶性蛋白质含量的提高.不同光质处理豇豆叶片的超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶活性均呈...     

大豆蚜防治适期与防治指标研究

在辽宁,6月下旬大豆蚜种群增长最快,是大豆蚜防治的关键时期。日前,生产上推行百株蚜量一万头的防治指标,可放宽。辽河中下游平原铁丰18大豆,可放宽到2.38—4.07万头;辽豆3号放宽到2.65—3.30万头。以查蚜量为指标,生产上应用困难较大。经研究,卷叶株率与百株蚜量密切相关,(?)=4.283 1.8419x(r=0.90)所以提出以卷叶株率为大面积生产防治的指示指标,铁丰18为10%,辽豆3号为8%。     

我国草莓斑驳病毒研究鉴定

 作者采集6省13市病样73株。经鉴定带SMoV的67株,占样本的91.78%。采取指示植物小叶嫁接法及蚜虫分离和传播病毒试验,并辅以病毒提纯,人工摩擦接种草本植物,病毒粒子电镜及超薄切片观察等手段加以确证。在辽宁省田间获得一种草莓中瘤钉毛蚜(Chaetosiphon sp.)以及棉蚜和桃蚜均传播本病毒,传播率依次为70%,40%及33%(最高率),系半持久性传播。病毒提纯制荆最大吸收值在260nm处,最小吸收值在240nm处。A260/280=1.21。电镜观测病毒粒子为球形,直径28~30nm,病叶超薄切片观察,在细胞质里有晶状球形颗粒,直径约25nm,排列整齐。以分离物(M-3)提纯制剂为抗原所制备的抗血清与有关病样呈阳性反应。试验证实了国内SMoV的发生和分布。