虹鳟倍性鉴定SSR标记筛选与应用研究

虹鳟(Oncorhynchus mykiss)是我国冷水性鱼类的主要养殖品种。与二倍体相比,虹鳟三倍体具有生长速度快、肉质好和不育等优点。目前,鉴定虹鳟倍性主要是通过流式细胞术进行DNA含量分析,但这种方法需要采集鱼类血液或组织样本,会对其造成伤害。为了实现利用微创方法收集样本鉴定虹鳟倍性,本研究利用PCR扩增以及电泳分离技术对153个微卫星标记(SSR标记)进行分析,其中139个SSR标记能够在二倍体和三倍体中成功扩增,筛选出132个SSR标记具有多态性,最终鉴定出7个标记在三倍体中表现出较高的变异性。通过在52个已知倍性水平的参考样本和48个未知倍性的样本上进行验证,进一步从中筛选出3个SSR标记(SSR1054、SSR1056和SSR1468)足以区分倍性水平,并且根据3个标记序列重新设计了3对具有良好稳定性的引物序列进行倍性分析应用。本研究所筛选的SSR标记解决了现有虹鳟倍性鉴定中存在的技术流程复杂、耗材昂贵的问题,并有助于不同倍性虹鳟的遗传多样性研究。     

文蛤染色体核型及三倍体诱导的初步研究

文蛤染色体核型及三倍体诱导的初步研究ＡＰＲＥＬＩＭＩＮＡＲＹＳＴＵＤＹＯＮＴＨＥＫＡＲＹＯＴＹＰＥＡＮＤＴＲＩＰＬＯＩＤＩＮＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＩＮＭＥＲＥＴＲＩＸＭＥＲＥＴＲＩＸ常建波魏利平杨建敏宫向红孙逢贤（山东省海洋水产研究所，烟台２６４０００）Ｃｈ...     

荷花多倍体育种

三倍体、四倍体、六倍体等统称为多倍体。多倍体的花通常比二倍体大,颜色也较深。在多倍体植物中三倍体是最有实际应用价值的。三倍体育种对荷花来说是极为重要的。作者在文中讨论了在自然条件下三倍体产生的途径并介绍三倍体人工诱导的方法。     

Optimal chemical triploid induction in geoduck clams, Panopea abrupta, by 6-dimethylaminopurine

The development of geoduck culture techniques coupled with increased market demand during the past decade led to cultured intertidal geoduck beds, over which concerns have arisen regarding the potential genetic risk posed by the reproductive contribution of hatchery outplants to wild stocks. Although an ongoing study to determine the genetic stock structure of Puget Sound geoducks has yet to yield definitive results, sterile triploids would enable geoduck culture to proceed irrespective of any genetic differences found, and may increase rate of growth. At 15 °C and salinity of 30‰, we evaluated the suitability of cytochalasin B (CB) and 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP) for triploid induction in geoducks. Parallel tests of induction agent, start time, duration, and concentration were conducted on the same gamete pool. We found optimal triploid induction (92%) and suitable survivorship (30%) resulted from a 600 μM 6-DMAP treatment. This work enables the future examination of the efficacy of triploid induction for conferring sterility and increasing growth rate in this commercially valuable species.     

三倍体梨新品种‘龙园洋红’

 龙园洋红’是三倍体梨新品种, 属短枝型, 亲本为56-5-20和乔玛, 抗寒力强, 平均单果质量185.5 g, 最大可达650.6 g, 果实为不规则长椭圆形, 果型指数1.13。果皮底色黄, 有红晕。果肉白色,细软多汁, 可溶性固形物16.05% , 可溶性糖11.68%。可滴定酸0.81% , 果实9月15日左右成熟, 风味酸甜适度、有香味。     

Diploid female gametes induced by colchicine in Oriental lilies

The young flower buds of diploid Oriental cultivars: ‘Con. Amore’ and ‘Acapulco’ (Lilium) were treated with 0.02, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2% colchicine to induce diploid egg (female gamete). The treated young buds between the two cultivars were crossed reciprocally as female parents with normal pollen respectively. The polyploid plants were identified by measuring stoma size and chromosome number. The results showed: that triploid progenies could be obtained through this way, and the fact that the treated young flower buds were successfully used as female parents indicated the formation of 2n or 2x egg cells. The above results implied that polyploidization by artificially induced diploid female gametes could be a powerful method to create novel variations in the breeding of Oriental lilies.     

二倍体授粉品种对三倍体西瓜主要性状的影响

用3个性状差异较大的二倍体授粉品种对12个三倍体西瓜品种或组合进行授粉,统计分析结果表明,对三倍体西瓜的坐果指数、产量、中心可溶性固形物、着色瘪子等影响均无显著差异。     

利用生物技术提高三倍体狗牙根抗逆性

狗牙根是一种重要的暖季型草坪草。三倍体矮生狗牙根(Cynodon dactylon×C.transvaalen-sis cv.TifEagle)已广泛应用。本文研究其抗旱性、建立组织培养与再生体系、体细胞无性系变异育种技术及抗逆基因工程等。主要结果和结论如下。     

三倍体毛白杨引种试验初报

三倍体毛白杨具有生长迅速、抗逆性强、材质优良等特性，在北方广为种植，是当前最有开发价值的10大杨树新品种之一。首次在江西开展引种栽培试验，当年平均苗高3．5m，平均地径3．2cm，病虫危害少，苗期生长基本正常。初步显示，三倍体毛白杨在江西也能引种栽培。     

6_二甲基氨基嘌呤诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体_抑制受精卵第一极体释放

于 1996～ 1997年 ,用 6-二甲基氨基嘌呤 ( 6-DMAP)抑制受精卵第一极体的释放 ,诱导太平洋牡蛎产生三倍体。选用L16( 45)设计 ,进行三因素四水平的正交试验 :6-DMAP浓度 ,设15 0、30 0、45 0和 60 0μmol/L ;诱导时机 (即精卵混合后的时间 ) ,设 10、15、2 0和 2 5min ;诱导持续时间 ,设 10、15、2 0和 2 5min。试验平行重复二次。结果为最高三倍体诱导率为 ( 71.3± 1.2 ) % ,该实验组胚胎孵化率为 ( 5 5 .5± 3.1) % ,D形幼虫畸形率为 ( 10 .7± 1.6) %。根据直观分析结果 ,得出诱导太平洋牡蛎三倍体各因素的最优水平组合 :水温 2 5～ 2 5 .5℃ ,精卵混合 10min时 ,将受精卵浸泡在含 6-DMAP 60 0μmol/L的海水中 15min ;决定三倍体产生的三因素的主次顺序 :6-DMAP浓度→诱导时机→诱导持续时间。 6-DMAP浓度对三倍体诱导率影响显著 ,但诱导时机和诱导持续时间不显著。