黄瓜抗霜霉病异源易位系CT201的筛选与鉴定

 将栽培黄瓜‘北京截头’ (Cucumis sativus L. , 2n = 14) 与Cucum is属双二倍体新种C. hytivus (2n = 38) 回交, 随后自交。通过霜霉病田间接种试验筛选, 从中发现抗霜霉病单株HH12825。将HH12825与C. hytivus的原始亲本‘北京截头’和野生种C. hystrix进行农艺性状对比观察, 发现此单株在叶面积、节长、果长×果径等方面介于栽培黄瓜和野生种之间, 在侧枝数、果刺颜色等方面偏向野生种。观察其花粉母细胞减数分裂过程, 发现其PMC中期Ⅰ多价体频率(56% ±8% ) 和后期Ⅰ二价体分离滞后率(72% ±5% ) 都较高, 具有染色体易位的细胞学特征。进一步利用RAPD分子标记分析, 结果在40个随机引物中找到了两个引物( E219: ACGGCGTATG和A I220: CCTGTTCCCT) 能够在HH12825中重复地扩增出原始亲本野生种C. hystrix特异DNA片断, 从分子水平上证明了其为黄瓜异源易位系, 并把此易位系命名为CT201。     

Expression of the tobacco β-1,3-glucanase gene, PR-2d, following induction of SAR with Peronospora tabacina

Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is induced following inoculation of Peronospora tabacina sporangia into the stems of Nicotiana tabacum plants highly susceptible to the pathogen. Previous results have shown that accumulation of acidic β-1,3-glucanases (PR-2's) following induction of SAR by P. tabacina may contribute to resistance to P. tabacina. We showed that up-regulation of the PR-2 gene, PR-2d, following stem inoculation with P. tabacina, is associated with SAR. Studies using plants transformed with GUS constructs containing the full length promoter from PR-2d or promoter deletions, provided evidence that a previously characterized regulatory element that is involved in response to salicylic acid (SA), may be involved in regulation of PR-2d following induction of SAR with P. tabacina. This work provides evidence that regulation of PR-2 genes during P. tabacina-induced SAR may be similar to regulation of these genes during infection of N-gene tobacco by TMV or following exogenous application of SA, and provides further support for the role of SA in regulation of genes during P. tabacina-induced SAR.     

遗传神经网络在温室黄瓜霜霉病预测中的应用

在神经网络结构的优化、连续权重的训练中采用遗传算法的方法对日光温室黄瓜霜霉病进行预测，并对其发生程度进行了拟合，计算值与实际值接近，表明该模型具有良好的预测效果。     

Appearance of race Pfs:5 of spinach downy mildew fungus, Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae, in Japan

The races for the causal agent of spinach downy mildew Peronospora farinosa f. sp. spinaciae were identified by inoculation of race-differential cultivars. One isolate was identified as Pfs:5s and the others belonged to a new race. This is the first report of race Pfs:5 and another new race in Japan.     

Development of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Peronospora parasitica</Emphasis> epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature

Epidemics of Peronospora parasitica are strongly affected by temperature and air moisture, and the interaction of these factors. Because a significant percentage of radish plants are grown in greenhouses, it may be possible to influence epidemics by altering the greenhouse climate. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that epidemics of P. parasitica can be modelled by the effects of air temperature and moisture in the greenhouse. Such a model could then be used to analyse greenhouse climate control strategies with regard to managing downy mildew. Five radish crops were grown under greenhouse conditions with set-points for heating and ventilation intended to obtain favourable conditions for disease development during the first part of the growing cycle. Subsequent to this first phase, unfavourable conditions were set until harvest. Disease incidence was measured once a week until the radishes reached marketable size. In addition, experiments were carried out in growth chambers in which inoculated plants were subjected to air temperatures between 8 and 27°C, and disease incidence and sporulation intensity were measured. Data from these two experiments were then used to estimate model parameters. In this model, the interactions of air temperature (T) and water vapour saturation deficit (SD) were adequately described by a multiplicative relationship. The simulated epidemics by the fitted model were highly correlated with the observed epidemics (r = 0.91, R ² = 0.83, n = 29). Parameter estimates indicated that T of ca. 20°C and SD < 0.03 hPa resulted in the highest rates of disease development and that the rate was zero when SD > 2.0 hPa. Both experimental data and simulations showed that epidemics of P. parasitica can be effectively controlled by managing the greenhouse climate.     

桃金娘澄清果汁的研制

对桃金娘澄清果汁的加工工艺进行试验研究，是在对桃金娘果实的主要化学成分及其加工特性进行分析的基础上进行的，主要包括多种果汁澄清方法的对比试验研究以及采用正交试验与模糊综合评判相结合的方法所进行的果汁配方优化组合研究并研制出了桃金娘澄清果汁的最优配方及科学合理的加工工艺．     

葡萄霜霉病预测模型及预警技术研究进展

霜霉病是危害葡萄最严重的病害之一，目前采用的主要防治手段是喷施化学农药，但其用量过多也带来许多严重问题。若要减轻农药污染，就必须对病害进行精确的预测预报，以便确定最合理的农药使用时机和使用量。在此，从病害流行系统的监测、因子选择、结构及应用等方面综述了利用农业气象模型预测葡萄霜霉病的研究应用进展，并对其存在的问题及发展前景作了讨论。     

黄瓜霜霉病生物测定技术研究

研究了诱发黄瓜霜霉病孢子囊大量产生的条件;明确了黄瓜霜霉病菌可在低温冰冻条件下保存。接种后20℃左右,保持24 h黑暗,相对湿度90%以上,以后光照16 h/d,适宜霜霉病菌的侵染发展。比较6种生测方法,以叶盘蘸药漂浮法的敏感性及稳定性最好。     

The long and winding road leading to the successful introgression of downy mildew resistance into onion

Downy mildew resistance originating from Allium roylei Stearn provides a complete resistance to onions and is based on one, dominant gene. Since A. roylei can successfully be hybridized with onion (A. cepa L.), a breeding scheme aimed at the introgression of this gene was initiated ca. 20 years ago. Several setbacks in this programme were encountered, firstly the identified molecular marker linked to the downy mildew resistance locus became increasingly difficult to use and finally lost its discriminating power and secondly the final step, making homozygous introgression lines (ILs), turned out to be more difficult then was hoped. GISH analysis showed that the chromosomal region harbouring the resistance locus was the only remaining piece of A. roylei in the nuclear background of onion and it also confirmed that this region was located on the distal end of chromosome 3. It was hypothesized that some factor present in the remaining A. roylei region was lethal when homozygously present in an onion genetic background. The identification of an individual with a smaller and more distally located introgression fragment and homozygous ILs in its progeny validated this hypothesis. With the help of these nearly isogenic lines four AFLP^® markers closely linked to the resistance gene were identified, which can be used for marker-aided selection. The introduction of downy mildew resistance caused by Peronospora destructor into onion is a significant step forward in the development of environmentally-friendly onion cultivars.     

储烟病害研究及其进展

综述了对储烟病害特别是储烟霉变的研究。霉变是由多因子引起的,贮烟的含水率、库内温度、湿度以及贮烟管理水平都直接影响到烟叶霉变的发生和程度的轻重,因而可根据烟叶霉变的机理对其进行综合治理。