香蕉副产物在家畜饲料方面的应用

香蕉皮和香蕉茎等香蕉副产物营养物质丰富,是可以饲料化的植物资源,可以作为饲料饲喂家畜,这样不仅减少了废弃香蕉副产物对环境的污染,重要的是资源得到充分利用。文章综述了香蕉副产物在饲料方面的国内外利用现状,期望为开发香蕉副产物的饲料化利用提供借鉴。     

Evaluation of the Feeding Value of Palm Press Fibre Using In Vitro Digestibility Techniques

Palm press fibre (PPF) was obtained from two sources, a small-scale oil palm processing unit and a large-scale factory processing unit, and its chemical composition was determined. In vitro digestibility techniques were used to assess the feeding value of untreated, defatted and sodium hydroxide-treated PPF. For the NaOH treatment, 0.5 g oven-dried PPF was treated for 24 h with 5% NaOH in three ways: treated and not washed (NaNW); treated and washed (NaW); and treated after milling (NAD).The results indicate that, on a dry matter basis, PPF is low in nitrogen (12–13 g/kg), moisture (37–90 g/kg) and ash (53–62 g/kg), but high in ether extract (269–355 g/kg), neutral detergent fibre (532–768 g/kg), acid detergent fibre (375–548 g/kg) and lignin (219 g/kg). The in vitro dry matter digestibility values were low for the samples from both sources, but the large-scale factory-processed PPF had higher in vitro dry matter digestibility (0.215 vs 0.166) and in vitro organic matter digestibility (0.196 vs 0.145). Defatting the PPF and treating it with 5% NaOH solution significantly (p<0.01) improved both the dry matter and organic matter digestibility. Washing the NaOH-treated PPF resulted in a higher digestibility of dry matter as against NaNW or NAD. These results suggest that defatting and treatment with 5% NaOH would improve the feeding value of PPF.     

大米适度加工和副产物综合利用现状及展望

大米是我国居民的重要口粮之一，大米加工业是事关国计民生的重要产业。由于消费者对大米口感和外观的过度追求，我国大米加工业长期存在严重的过度加工现象，而且大米加工产生的大量副产物未能得到充分有效利用，这些已经成为制约我国大米加工业健康发展的产业瓶颈问题。过度加工造成稻米资源大量浪费、营养物质过分流失以及能耗增加，开展大米适度加工对于保障国家粮食安全、提高居民膳食营养具有重要意义；加工副产物综合利用不足不仅造成资源浪费，还对生态环境产生一定威胁。提高加工副产物综合利用的程度和水平是延长大米加工产业链、提高稻米资源综合效益的有效途径。概述了大米加工行业现状、加工精度对大米营养和食用品质的影响、大米加工精度的检测和适度加工技术进展，分析了米糠、碎米和稻壳等加工副产物的综合利用现状，以期为促进大米适度加工和副产物的综合利用提供参考。     

Suitability of enzymatic hydrolyzates of extracted gluten from fresh pasta by-product used as bread improvers

Gluten extracted from fresh pasta by-products (PG) was enzymatically hydrolyzed by two different commercial proteases (Alcalase 2.4 L and Pancreatin) to different degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2.0, 4.0 and 8.0%). Commercial gluten (CG) was used as reference. The evaluation of functional properties of hydrolyzates from pasta gluten (PGH) and commercial gluten (CGH) showed that Pancreatin hydrolyzates had the highest emulsifying capacities. Regarding the foaming activity, all hydrolyzates performed better than unhydrolyzed gluten. PGH and CGH were added to wheat flour (1%) and their effects on dough rheology were studied. Most hydrolyzates with DH 8% increased dough thermal stability and elasticity during mixing, accelerated the denaturation rate of the protein network, and delayed the gelatinization speed of starch as the temperature increased. Texture profiles and specific volumes of breads from low quality wheat flour with added Pancreatin hydrolyzates (DH 8%) were comparable to those of breads from high quality flour. This showed the potential suitability of PGH and CGH as bread improvers.     

农业科研副产品处置的风险与对策

文章阐述了农业科研单位处置科研副产品的风险主要来自于将农业科研副产品作为职工福利发放或赠送给其他主体、个人侵占农业科研副产品、农业科研单位不具备经营资质等,分析了农业科研副产品处置不当的危害,并提出了提高政治纪律意识和法律意识、探索农业科研副产品处置的最佳途径、加强财务监管等防范农业科研副产品处置风险的对策。     

Partial and total replacement of fishmeal with poultry by-product meal in diets for gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch

Triplicate groups of gibel carp Carassius auratus gibelio Bloch (initial body weight: 4.89 g) were fed for 8 weeks at 24.8–30.8°C with nine isonitrogenous and isoenergetic diets. The control diet (F1) used white fishmeal (FM) as the sole protein source. In the other eight diets (F2–F9), 40.5–100% of FM protein was substituted by poultry by‐product meal (PBM) at 8.5% increments. The specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ratio, protein efficiency ratio, protein retention efficiency and energy retention rate for fish fed PBM diets (F2–F9) were all higher, but not always significantly, than those for fish fed F1. All apparent digestibility coefficients for fish fed PBM diets were lower than those for fish fed F1. Fish fed F1 had a significantly higher hepatosomatic index value than fish fed PBM diets (P<0.05). No significant (P>0.05) effect of diet was found in whole‐body moisture and fat content. Whole‐body protein and energy content for fish fed PBM diets were slightly higher than that for fish fed F1. The optimal replacement level of FM by PBM was estimated by second‐order polynomial regression to be 66.5% in protein.     

Treatment Method Affects Color,Chemical, and Mineral Composition of Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fish Bone Powder from by-Products of Fish Fillet

ABSTRACT

Seabream fish bone powder was produced using different chemical methods and tap water. The effect of different chemical procedures (sodium hydroxide (NaOH); NaOH + citric acid; NaOH + sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl); NaOH + ethanol (EtOH); and NaOH + hydrogen chloride (HCl)) and tap water on proximate composition, yield, mineral composition, color, and sensorial odor was investigated. Despite its high bone powder yield (59.39%), tap water treatment was not an efficient method due to low calcium (Ca²⁺, 232.13 g/kg) and phosphorus (P, 111.63 g/kg) concentration and heavy fish odor. Sensorial odor analysis of seabream fish bone powder showed that tap water received the lowest scores (1.71/5), while chemically treated samples received sensorial odor scores higher than 4.00, with an average of 4.61, indicating that they had a very slight odor. The best fish bone powder yield was obtained using NaOH treatment (21.46%), where Ca²⁺ (276.73 g/kg) and P (147.23 g/kg) content was also high. The utilization of chemicals in combination with NaOH did not increase the sensorial odor score of seabream fish powders but resulted in a decrease in powder yield. Moreover, the mineral composition of all chemical processing techniques was comparable. Processing by-products of seabream fillet production with 8% NaOH will contribute to daily Ca²⁺ and P intake of individuals.     

皂脚制备生物柴油的试验研究

在食用油生产过程中均会不同程度地产生皂脚(又称油泥)，为解决皂脚排放造成的环境污染及资源浪费问题，该文以皂脚为原料进行制备生物柴油的试验分析。提出了皂脚经循环气相酯化—水蒸气蒸馏制备生物柴油的方法和工艺流程，探讨解决制备过程中酯化反应的连续带水和反应快速进行的问题，得到优化工艺参数。试验装置主要由气相酯化反应器、甲醇气化器、粗生物柴油精馏器和油水分离器等组成。研究结果表明，酯化反应温度为(100±5)℃，皂脚质量0.5%～0.8%的硫酸或3%～4%的对甲苯磺酸为催化剂，甲醇蒸气通入速度6 L/min，反应时间90～120 min，生物柴油精馏器的液相温度为160～220℃，气相温度为120～190℃，水蒸气温度为(100±5)℃，水蒸气通入量为5 L/min，能使皂脚制备生物柴油的转化率达99%以上，产品品质指标基本达到美国的ASTM生物柴油标准，并与中国的0^#柴油接近。     

近30年来中国农作物秸秆资源量的时空分布

【目的】分析1978-2009年中国农作物秸秆产量的变化,并估算2009年中国农作物秸秆资源的数量和地理分布。【方法】在已有研究的基础上,筛选出合适的秸秆系数,对中国田间秸秆产量进行全面、系统的估算,同时结合地理信息软件ArcView,对其时空分布进行分析。【结果】随着农业综合生产能力的提高,中国田间秸秆总量总体上呈不断增长的趋势;2009年全国作物秸秆总量达69 841.92万t;从种植结构的角度进行分析发现,稻谷、小麦和玉米秸秆依然是中国主要的农作物秸秆类型;中国农作物秸秆的分布基本上以400 mm等降水量线为界,其产量由西北向东南呈逐渐增加的趋势。【结论】中国的农作物秸秆分布具有一定的地域特征,且产量较大,具有可观的新能源开发利用前景。     

破解优质农副土特产品产销对接难题--以河南省为例

流通费用高企、产销脱节、品牌意识不强以及外销滞后等问题严重影响河南省优质农副土特产品的产销对接。为顺利实现产销对接,河南省各级政府应加强政策引导、加大财政投入,加快专业信息平台以及农村专业合作社建设;相关企业应开展差异化经营,树立名牌意识,积极开拓各种销售渠道;消费者应树立健康消费观念。