Comparative Studies on Corynebacter1Um Pyogenes Toxin Formation in Monocultures and Mixed Cultures: The Demonstration of a Stimulating Effect of Peptococcus Indolicus and Stuart-Schwan Cocci

The growth and the toxin (i.e. hemolysin) producing capacity of Corynebacterium pyogenes were studied in monocultures and in co-cultures with 1 or more of the organisms frequently accompanying it in summer mastitis in cattle (Peptococcus indolicus, Stuart-Schwan cocci, Bacteroides melaninogenicus subsp. levii, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Streptococcus dysgalactiae) or with organisms seldom associated with summer mastitis (Streptococcus uberis, Streptococcus agalactiae, non-toxic staphylococci and Escherichia coli).Pc. indolicus, and to some extent also Stuart-Schwan cocci, stimulated the growth as well as the hemolysin producing capacity of Gb. pyogenes (Table 1) while Str. dysgalactiae, Str. uberis, Str. agalactiae, E. coli and the majority of the staphylococci reduced these activities. Most F. necrophorum strains stimulated the growth, but not the hemolytic activity. With B. melaninogenicus the results were inconclusive.The effect of Pc. indolicus appeared to be associated with the production of a filterable factor (Tables 2 and 3).Mouse toxicity and hemolytic activity of culture filtrates were closely correlated (Table 4).     

Possibility of vancomycin-resistant enterococci transmission from human to broilers, and possibility of using the vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci as a model in a screening study of vancomycin-resistant enterococci infection in the broiler chick

In this study, vancomycin‐resistant enterococci (VRE) from humans and vancomycin‐resistant gram‐positive cocci (VRPC) from pigs were examined for their ability to transmit in the chick intestine (Experiment 1). A model study on the spread speed of VRPC was also estimated from chick to chick under semi‐production conditions with different administration routes (not inoculated, oral administration to a chick, sprayed on the floor) (Experiment 2). Furthermore, the disappearance of VRPC from their litter with composting processes was examined (Experiment 3). Each of six chicks was inoculated with VRPC or VRE at 1 day old in Experiment 1. All the chicks had VRPC or VRE in their glandular stomach at 22 days of age. In Experiment 2, 6 floor pens covered with sawdust were prepared and 20 chicks were allotted to each pen. The chicks were inoculated with VRPC at 1 day of age. The VRPC were detected in each group in cloacal swabs at 2 days of age (detection rate; 20–80%). And they were also detected in the not‐inoculated group. The VRPC detection rate gradually decreased, and detection was rare (0–10%) in the packing chicks (50 days old). VRPC were detected in the litter of each pen in Experiment 2. A composting process was effectively used to eliminate VRPC by the 6th week (Experiment 3).     

Distribution, characterization and genetic bases of erythromycin resistance in staphylococci and enterococci originating from livestock

The occurrence of staphylococci and enterococci expressing increased resistance to erythromycin (ERY) and, in particular, to macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLS(B) ) antibiotics was investigated in dairy cattle, pigs and turkeys. Three hundred rectal (cloacal) swabs of each animal species were examined. A total of 120 and 71 staphylococci and enterococci, respectively, with increased resistance to ERY were identified. These were most frequent in turkeys (42.3% of positive animals), followed by pigs and dairy cattle (6.7% and 6.0% of positive animals, respectively). Similarly, MLS(B) -resistant isolates colonized predominantly turkeys (29.7% of animals), while their occurrence in pigs and dairy cattle was only sporadic (0.8% of animals). At least one of the erm genes encoding for MLS(B) resistance was found in 56.7% and 69.0% of staphylococci and enterococci, respectively. The erm(C) gene prevailed in staphylococci while the erm(B) gene was predominant in enterococci. Macrolide efflux genes msr(A) and msr(C) were also frequent in staphylococci and enterococci, respectively. Macrolide inactivation gene mph(C) occurred mainly in staphylococci. In staphylococci, methicillin resistance was rarely detected (7.5% of isolates), but resistance to telithromycin (ketolides) was frequent in both staphylococci and enterococci (89.2% and 47.9% of isolates, respectively). This study showed that turkeys represent an important source of ERY (MLS(B) )-resistant cocci. In addition, resistance to ketolides was also frequent.     

软烤扇贝加工过程的细菌学研究

对软烤扇贝加工过程中物料的细菌特性和有关理化特性进行了研究,并对细菌菌群进行了定性和定量分析。结果表明,实验室加工中,水分含量和水分活度(Aw)的降低都主要发生在调味腌制、焙干过程,最终产品水分含量为42%左右,Aw为0.902±0.003。工厂加工在焙干、烤制过程水分含量和Aw的降低较多,成品水分含量为42%左右,Aw为0.910±0.007,控制良好。实验室加工pH下降主要发生在调味腌制过程,产品pH为5.83左右,工厂产品pH没有明显下降,最终pH为6.70左右,不符合标准要求。实验室加工原料菌落总数是(4.47±1.59)×102cfu/g,在调味摆盘和包装过程分别上升到(1.35±0.83)×103cfu/g、(7.30±0.53)×102cfu/g,在焙干、烤制过程分别下降到(5.43±0.67)×102cfu/g、(2.90±0.75)×102cfu/g,二次杀菌冷却后产品菌落总数均小于300 cfu/g。工厂加工原料菌落总数为(9.08±0.20)×103cfu/g,焙干过程上升至(4.69±0.10)×105cfu/g,烤制过程下降到(1.12±0.40)×104cfu/g,包装过程上升至(2.58±0.20)×106cfu/g。二次杀菌冷却后3个产品中,有1个产品细菌总数为340 cfu/g,不符合企业标准要求。实验室烤制冷却后样品的主要菌群为芽孢杆菌,但仍含有小比例的葡萄球菌。二次杀菌冷却后,样品中仅残存芽孢杆菌,无球菌。工厂二次杀菌冷却后样品中主要菌群为芽孢杆菌,但仍含有相当数量的球菌,比例接近1/3,表明其生产过程不良,产品质量安全存在一定的问题。