乡土物种补播对青藏高原高寒草甸群落稳定性的影响

为了探究高寒草甸天然草地补播乡土物种对草地群落稳定性的影响，本试验以垂穗披碱草（Elymus nutans）、异针茅（Stipa aliena）、中华羊茅（Festuca sinensis）、溚草（Koeleria cristata）、星星草（Puccinellia tenuiflora）、扁蓿豆（Melissitus rutenica）、冷地早熟禾（Poa crymophila）为试验材料，设置5种混播组合，于2017年在青海省贵南县天然草地上进行补播。试验采用方差比率法（Variance ratio，VR）、M.Godron贡献定率法（Contribution law）以及生物量稳定性分析方法，结果表明：5种组合补播后使得群落联结性降低、生物量稳定性增大，群落整体稳定性增强，正向着稳定方向发展；5种组合中，组合D （扁蓿豆+星星草+垂穗披碱草+异针茅+溚草）的生物量稳定性最大，是对草地恢复最有效的物种组合。本试验筛选出了对草地生态修复最有效的物种组合，为草地保护及利用提供了科学依据。     

Life on the edge - High levels of genetic diversity in a cliff population of Bertya ingramii are attributed to B. rosmarinifolia (Euphorbiaceae)

Wind-facilitated migration of new genotypes into small, geographically disjunct populations should buffer them against local extinction. Bertya ingramii, a monoecious, wind-pollinated shrub, is restricted to three populations in a 4 km² area in eastern Australia. Populations are separated by deeply dissected gorges where it is unlikely that seeds are exchanged but where wind movement may facilitate pollen dispersal. Using 156 highly polymorphic ISSR markers, we found moderate genetic variation within and among populations of B. ingramii and less genetic diversity in a nearby and small population of the widespread Bertya rosmarinifolia. The smallest population of B. ingramii (<30 plants) had the highest genetic variation (65% polymorphic markers, Shannon Information Index = 0.30). AMOVA and a Bayesian analysis showed that molecular variance was equally distributed within and among populations suggesting that gene flow is as limited within as in among populations. Genetic distances between populations were only weakly explained by their relative geographic distances (mantel test, R² = 0.21, P = 0.001) but the distribution of private bands, the departure from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and a UPGMA tree showed that the smallest population of B. ingramii was generally more similar to an upstream population of B. rosmarinifolia. Thirty-eight percent of bands in this small population of B. ingramii were exclusively shared with B. rosmarinifolia. This covert hybridisation may have been an ancient event but may be responsible for contemporary declines in germination and establishment in B. ingramii. The conservation implications are amplified by the endangered status of B. ingramii.     

Diversity and function of decomposer fungi from a grassland soil

Despite the substantial interest to ecologists of the relationship between species diversity and ecosystem functioning, little is known about how the high species richness of decomposer (saprotrophic) fungi and their relative frequencies of occurrence influence the decomposition of organic matter. Three experiments were conducted to test the ability of culturable saprotrophic fungal isolates to utilise a range of artificial and more natural substrates that occur in organic matter, with the aims of (1) characterising the functional potential of ‘common’ and ‘occasional’ taxa in an upland grassland soil and (2) determining whether there was a high degree of apparent functional redundancy in these communities. ‘Function’ was defined as the ability of a fungal isolate to utilise broad categories of substrates (e.g. sugars, cellulose, lignin) that occur in organic matter and which change in proportion during decomposition. The terms ‘common/abundant/frequent’ and ‘occasional/infrequent’ usually referred here to the frequencies of occurrence of taxa estimated using Warcup soil plates. Accepting the difficulties of sampling fungi in soil, this appeared to be the most useful isolation method to produce a general picture of the microfungal community with an estimate of frequency of occurrence for every taxon obtained, and to provide cultures for use in function tests. The influence of this technique on the interpretation of the results is discussed.Forty-eight fungal isolates, obtained from an upland grassland in Roxburghshire, UK, were selected to cover the most ‘abundant’ taxa and a range of ‘occasionals’. Pure cultures of anamorphic fungi and members of the Zygomycota, Ascomycota and Basidiomycota were tested. Although there was apparently a high degree of functional redundancy (equivalence) in assemblages of culturable decomposer fungi, with ‘frequent’ and ‘infrequent’ taxa largely utilising the same substrates, the ‘infrequent’ taxa played important roles in decomposition. ‘Infrequent’ microfungi tested were potentially more active in decomposition than the ‘frequent’ taxa, i.e. several had a higher overall activity, were able to utilise a wider range of substrates and were more combative than the ‘abundant’ taxa. When ‘abundant’ and ‘occasional’ taxa from the same putative guild were inoculated together on grass litter, there was slight evidence of ‘positive’ indirect effects on decomposition and cellulose degradation. Some ‘negative’ effects on lignin degradation, probably as a result of combat, were observed.It is possible that the ‘occasional’ taxa increased the temporal resilience of the ecosystem process of decomposition, and were ‘waiting in the wings’ to replace the abundant taxa. Nevertheless, greater functional diversity could be associated with the uncultured taxa not studied here.     

新开垦土壤上构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮模式

为了在新开垦土壤上构建高效种植模式,本文采用温室盆栽和大田试验相结合的方法,选用4种根瘤菌接种方式(保水剂拌种、清水拌种、三叶期灌根和种子丸衣化)接种4种不同蚕豆根瘤菌(NM353、CCBAU、G254和QH258),分析接菌后新开垦土壤上玉米/蚕豆间作体系的生产潜力、地上部氮素吸收和结瘤特性以及生物固氮等方面的优势,拟为该体系筛选出高效的根瘤菌及其接种技术。结果表明:接种NM353后,玉米/蚕豆间作体系中蚕豆籽粒产量比单作平均增加152.84%,而玉米保持相对稳产;以保水剂拌种的方式接种NM353的间作蚕豆地上部氮素积累量最高,蚕豆结瘤数、瘤重、固氮比例和固氮量均高于本试验中其他3种方式接种的根瘤菌。在盛花期和盛花鼓粒期,接种NM353蚕豆的固氮比例比接种CCBAU的分别高19.1%和11.1%,在各个生育时期两者固氮量之间差异均达显著水平;接种NM353与接种其他菌种间固氮量和固氮比例差异更显著。因此,在新开垦土壤上,用保水剂拌种的方式对间作蚕豆接种NM353根瘤菌,构建玉米/蚕豆-根瘤菌高效固氮体系,为新开垦土壤合理开发利用的可持续发展模式。     

那拉提草原草地群落结构及种间关联性研究

针对新疆新源县那拉提山地高草草甸退化草地恢复与合理利用问题,选取生长季节围栏+打草草地和当地自由放牧草地为研究对象,采用Dahl多样性指数、Shannon-Weaver多样性指数、Sorensen相似性指数、Pielou均匀度指数,2×2列联表Fisher精确检验、Pearson相关系数和Spearman秩相关系数来进行草地群落及种间关联性的研究。结果表明:围栏+打草草地物种多样性和均匀度指数均小于自由放牧区;2样地内物种总体关联性均表现出显著正相关;Spearman秩相关分析结果较2×2列联表Fisher精确检验和Pearson相关系数结果更为精确,Spearman秩相关分析结果显示,围栏+打草草地内显著相关种占总种数的7.69%,自由放牧样地显著相关种占总种数的8.02%;生长季节的围栏+打草和自由放牧2种不同利用方式下,形成完全不相同的生境,导致共有种关联不显著。因此,对那拉提山地草甸退化草地必须进行适度放牧利用的同时增加人为防治毒害草措施。     

闽楠天然次生林树种间联结性分析

应用方差比率法、2×2列联表的χ2检验以及Spearman秩相关系数对闽楠天然次生林重要值较高的15个主要树种进行联结性分析,同时对目的树种闽楠不同生长期与其他乔木层树种进行关联性分析。结果表明:(1)物种间总体关联性检验表明15个树种总体种间呈不显著正关联,种间联结较为松散,树种的分布有一定的独立性;105个种对的正负关联比为0.91,检验显著率为9.52%。(2)林分中闽楠大树(20 cm≤DBH)、中树(10 cm≤DBH20 cm)、小树(5 cm≤DBH10 cm)与其他乔木层树种所形成的105个种对的正负关联比分别为0.86、0.76和0.69,其检验显著率分别为11.43%、8.57%和5.71%,均表现为大树中树小树,种间联结较为松散,群落处于不稳定发展阶段。     

天然次生林中乔木树种的种间关系

创建了局部联结度指数构造模型，构造了一种与密度相关的联结度指数及相应的显著性检验统计量，证明了经典联结度检验统计量是本模型的特例。应用联结度定义研究了帽儿山林场的固定标准地数据10个树种的联结关系，得到了几个有显著联结度的树种关系，并捡测到白桦与山杨间随年龄而变化的联结关系。     

天然格氏栲林乔木层种群种间关联性研究

格氏栲 (ＣａｓｔａｎｏｐｓｉｓｋａｗａｋａｍｉｉＨａｙａｔａ) ,也称青钩栲 ,属国家二级保护植物 ,是壳斗科常绿阔叶大乔木 ,是亚热带珍贵稀有树种之一 ,其自然分布范围狭窄 ,在我国主要分布于福建、台湾、广东、广西、江西等地区 ,多零星生长在海拔 2 0 0～ 1 0 0 0ｍ的丘陵地的常绿阔叶林中。但在福建三明小湖地区有近 70 0ｈｍ2以珍稀濒危植物格氏栲占优势的林分 ,多由百年以上的大树组成 ,是中国目前较为罕见稀有的天然群落。其原生植被受人干扰 ,现为天然次生植被。格氏栲林以其整齐林相、丰富的物种等独特的森林景观 ,自 1 958年…     

种间互作的生态效应 Ⅱ.与蚕豆间作对作物生长的影响

在2种不同土壤条件下,测定3种间作系统(蚕豆/小麦、蚕豆/油菜和蚕豆/大蒜)和4种单作系统(蚕豆、小麦、油菜和大蒜)生物量、株高、荚数、经济产量的变化。结果表明,在胶泥土和砂壤土中与大蒜间作均能促进蚕豆生物量增加;而与小麦和油菜间作时,只有在砂壤土中才对蚕豆生长具有促进作用。在2种土壤条件下,3种作物均不同程度抑制蚕豆的株高,尤以大蒜抑制作用最强。在胶泥土中,大蒜促进蚕豆结荚作用最强,小麦促进蚕豆结荚作用最弱;大蒜对蚕豆经济产量促进作用最弱,小麦对蚕豆经济产量促进作用最强。在砂壤土中,大蒜对蚕豆生物和经济产量的促进作用均为最强。在2种土壤条件下,小麦间作蚕豆以后,小麦除生物产量稍有降低外,经济产量、株高和分蘖数均有少量提高;油菜间作蚕豆后,油菜经济产量和株高均得到提高;大蒜间作蚕豆后,蒜薹与蒜瓣产量下降,而株高增加。以上结果表明,在农田生态系统中,种间相互作用或强化作物间的竞争或强化物种间的化感效应,影响间作系统中不同植被类型的生长潜力。