半滑舌鳎源美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种的分离鉴定

2016年5月河北省秦皇岛市昌黎县某海水养殖基地半滑舌鳎突发大批死亡,为了确定引起死亡的病原菌,无菌采集心血进行病原菌分离鉴定,16S rDNA基因序列分析与GenBank中公布的美人鱼发光杆菌参考株序列同源性为99.6%,被鉴定为美人鱼发光杆菌;进一步通过生化特性分析,被确认为美人鱼发光杆菌美人鱼亚种。动物回归试验结果表明,其对舌鳎鱼具有很强的致病性,其LD_(50)为3.1×10~4CFU/mL,且对哺乳动物具有致病性。药敏试验结果显示,分离菌对诺氟沙星、恩诺沙星、环丙沙星,乙酰甲喹高度敏感;对多西环素、阿米卡星中敏感;对庆大霉素、头孢曲松、替米考星等不敏感。     

引入6S管理体系提高个体食品生产者职业素质

介绍了6S管理的内涵、实施方案,以及引入6S管理的必要性与可行性。针对当地个体食品生产者生产馒头的现状,引入6S管理体系,取得了良好的效果。     

森林案件涉案伐倒木材积惟一性的探讨

材积是盗伐、滥伐等森林案件定性和处罚的主要依据,要求具有惟一性。用马尾松、杉木和杨树的伐倒木资料,分别按不同的计算方法计算其材积,结果表明:在3种树种中,中央断面区分求积式(区分段段数为5以上)的材积都最接近实际材积,误差也都较小,可作为森林案件中涉及伐倒木材积的惟一认定结果。     

A comparison of fatty acid composition and quality aspects of eggs and larvae from cultured and wild broodstock of common sole (Solea solea L.)

Eggs from a F₁ cultured broodstock of sole were compared with eggs from wild‐caught breeders throughout one spawning season, to evaluate if egg quality may be affected by culture‐related conditions. Fourteen batches of eggs from cultured broodstock and 17 batches from wild‐caught sole were compared with respect to fatty acid (FA) composition, egg size, fertilization rate and hatching rate. Based on a multivariate analysis of the FA profiles, it was possible to discriminate between culture and wild inheritance. Eggs from cultured broodstock had high levels of C20:1(n‐9), C18:2(n‐6) and C18:3(n‐3), whereas eggs from wild fish had high levels of C16:1(n‐7), C20:4(n‐6) and C20:5(n‐3). Differences in FA profiles were most likely related to dietary differences. Fertilization and hatching rates were generally low and lowest in eggs from cultured broodstock, but not related to FA composition. Larval growth of one batch from each group was compared. Larval growth was not correlated to broodstock origin, FA composition or egg or larval size. However, larval survival was significantly lower for larvae from cultured broodstock.     

基于逆向工程的搅浆刀作业性能界定与关键设计参数研究

水田搅浆是基于稻作制度的独立机械化作业环节,搅浆刀是进行搅浆农艺处理的专用刀具,但目前缺乏针对搅浆的农艺界定及搅浆刀专用设计参数研究。本文利用逆向工程技术获取搅浆刀的关键几何参数,并对搅浆作业和搅浆刀的设计方法进行定义。通过与常规旋耕刀(R245)进行分析对比提出搅浆刀的专用设计参数,进而通过田间试验进一步探讨搅浆刀的设计方法。结果表明,搅浆刀的楔面入土效应是保障其水田搅浆性能的关键,该效应所对应的搅浆刀设计参数被定义为侧切刃楔角,侧切刃楔角与侧切刃刀面宽度2个关键设计参数决定了搅浆刀入土过程的侧向搅浆作业强度。与R245旋耕刀相比,侧切刃楔角是搅浆刀设计的显著特点,搅浆刀的侧切刃静态楔角高于动态楔角,而R245的侧切刀面是一平直刀面(楔角为0°),在正切刃区域,搅浆刀与旋耕刀的楔角变化基本一致。基于田间土壤条件的原位台架试验进一步证明了搅浆刀专用设计参数对保障起浆、水田埋草等性能的优越性。     

Effect of dietary carbohydrate-to-lipid ratios on growth, lipid deposition and metabolic hepatic enzymes in juvenile Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup)

A study was undertaken to determine the effect of various dietary carbohydrate‐to‐lipid ratios on growth performance, whole‐body composition and tissue lipid content in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) juveniles. Data on the dietary regulation of key hepatic enzymes of the lipogenic and glycolytic pathways (glucose‐6‐phosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD; malic enzyme, ME; fatty acid synthetase, FAS; pyruvate kinase, PK and glucokinase, GK) were also generated. Four isonitrogenous (crude protein: 52% dry matter (DM)) diets were formulated to contain one of two lipid levels (11% and 21% DM). Within each dietary lipid level, the nature of the carbohydrate fraction (raw or extruded peas) was varied. Triplicate groups of 54 sole (initial body weight: 23.6±1.2 g) were grown in recirculated seawater over 67 days. Fish were fed using automated feeders. At the end of the study, whole‐body, liver, viscera and muscle samples were withdrawn for analyses. During the experimental period, the mean fish weight about doubled in all treatments. No significant differences were found in growth performance (ranging from 1.1% to 1.4% body weight day^?1) among dietary treatments. High‐fat diets increased whole‐body fat content. Similarly, daily fat gain ranged from 0.54 to 0.78 g kg^?1 day^?1 and highest values were found in fish fed high‐lipid diets. Dietary treatments also affected tissue lipid content (liver, viscera and muscle), with highest values in fish fed high‐fat diets. The nature of dietary carbohydrates had little influence on performance criteria, but affected tissue lipid deposition. The activities of G6PD, ME and FAS were depressed by elevated levels of dietary lipid, confirming the inhibitory effect of dietary fats on lipid biosynthesis. At both dietary lipid levels, ME and FAS activities were little affected by dietary carbohydrate. Activities of PK and GK were not affected by the starch level of the diets. In Senegalese sole juveniles, the lipogenic pathway is more susceptible to modulation by dietary means (particularly through lipid intake) than the glycolytic pathway.     

基于滑楔法的边坡稳定可靠性分析

使用滑楔法建立了边坡极限状态的功能函数,用中心差商近似代替对功能函数的数学求导,运用一次二阶矩法计算可靠性指标和失效概率,并使用蒙特卡洛法进行可靠性指标校核,算例计算结果表明可靠性指标对土条侧向力倾角的假定是敏感的,可靠性指标对软弱层的内摩擦角敏感性大于软弱层的内聚力和坡体重度。     

楔形减阻旋耕刀设计与试验

为解决旋耕整地作业阻力大、能耗高等问题,该文基于旋耕刀理论受力模型设计了一种楔形减阻旋耕刀。采用Inventor和HyperMesh软件分别创建国标旋耕刀及楔形减阻旋耕刀的三维模型和切削土壤模型,分析了楔形减阻旋耕刀的应力强度,对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的切削阻力。通过田间试验对比了国标旋耕刀与楔形减阻旋耕刀的扭矩、功耗与碎土率。结果表明:楔形减阻旋耕刀所受最大应力为29.49 MPa,远小于材料的屈服强度430 MPa,在保证刀身强度的前提下,与国标旋耕刀相比,楔形减阻旋耕刀质量减轻8.3%;平均切削阻力较国标旋耕刀下降10.65%。在相同工况条件下,楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均扭矩为648.916 N·m,较国标旋耕刀下降11.35%;楔形减阻旋耕刀的平均功耗为67.3kW,较国标旋耕刀下降9.29%,碎土率提高4%,耐磨性能与国标旋耕刀持平,能够达到在降低作业功耗的同时,提高耕作质量并保证刀具使用寿命。     

虾料制粒机的压辊数量对颗粒品质的影响

压辊数量对虾料制粒机的颗粒品质有很大影响。文章分别对两压辊、三压辊结构进行分析,研究表明,两压辊制粒机较三压辊制粒机,更适宜用于虾料制粒。     

The effects of starving and feeding on Dover sole (Solea solea,Soleidae, Linnaeus, 1758) stress response and early larval development

In the view of an urgent necessity to improve the quantity and the quality of farmed fish species, there is a strong need to improve our basic knowledge on the effects of first feeding during the developmental stages of fish larvae. High mortality, mainly due to food deprivation or inappropriate food quality, has been observed in many larval fish species, but knowledge about the morphological, biochemical and molecular processes related to this topic is still poorly understood. The understanding of the early larval ontogeny as well as the larval nutritional requirements and the molecular and cellular mechanisms elicited by fish larvae during food deprivation and starvation are thus of primary importance. At this regard, this study investigates, in Dover sole larvae, the effects of starvation and starving/re‐feeding procedures at a morphological, histological, biochemical and molecular level. The results evidenced that starved larvae progressively decrease in growth, lipid content, affected their gastrointestinal tract and muscle development and increased cortisol and heat shock protein 70 levels. On the contrary, starved and re‐fed larvae showed, after the restoration of a favourable feeding condition, a compensatory growth. In conclusion, this is the first study analysing through a multidisciplinary approach the effects of food deprivation on the development of an important economic species, the Dover sole.