粉红粘帚霉67-1菌株寄生核盘菌研究

 用诱捕法从海南乐东县菜园土壤中获得一株对核盘菌菌核具有强寄生能力的粉红粘帚霉(Gliocladium roseum)菌株67-1,寄生频率为100%。该菌的PDA平板回接核盘菌菌核,一周后寄生率可达100%。对峙培养发现其对核盘菌有明显的抑菌带。保湿条件下,该菌孢子在24h内成功侵入核盘菌菌核。切片显微观察证明该菌能高效侵染菌核,造成组织溃解。寄生过程中菌核内蛋白组成发生明显变化。这一菌株在22~35℃均能很好生长,菌丝及产孢最适温度为24℃,产孢量大。认为这一菌株具有良好的菌核病生防应用潜力。     

半自然条件下几种赤眼蜂及品系对亚洲玉米螟卵寄生能力比较

在半自然条件(田间网罩)下,将人工饲养的玉米螟卵按4、8、16块/株3个处理分别固定在网罩内的玉米植株中上部叶片上,然后每网罩分别引入供试赤眼蜂20头,24 h后更换玉米螟卵块,连续3 d。7 d后调查供寄生的玉米螟卵被寄生率及羽化率。结果表明:在半自然条件下广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系虽寄生能力高于其他供试品系,但到第2、3天明显降低;玉米螟赤眼蜂北京6-2-2品系每天均维持一个较平稳的寄生能力,产卵量在时间上的分配比较分散,并在第2、3天显示出比其他品系较高的寄生潜能。广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1品系的卵块寄生数量可随卵块密度的增加而增加,而其他品系则在各处理密度下,寄生数量基本没有变化;从卵粒寄生率看,广赤眼蜂伊朗1-1和吉林1-2两个品系的寄生数量随卵块密度的增加而大幅度提高,其他品系增加幅度较小。     

桑天牛卵啮小蜂对桑天牛卵寄生作用的初探

为了研究桑天牛卵啮小蜂对桑天牛卵的寄生作用,采用SDS聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳的方法,在室内测定桑天牛卵啮小蜂寄生后桑天牛卵内蛋白质的变化情况,结果表明:桑天牛卵内的蛋白质图谱变化顺序被桑天牛卵啮小蜂的寄生改变了,尤其是前3d的蛋白质条带变化比较显著,寄生1d的桑天牛卵内比未被寄生的卵内多出3条谱带,分别为200kD、170kD和150kD,到寄生2d时又一起消失了;与此同时又新出现1条小于43kD的蛋白质带,该带到第10天时仍然存在;这表明前3d是寄生作用的关键时期,出现一些特异性蛋白质的可能性比较大。     

补充寄主提高林间松毛虫卵寄生率的研究

研究表明:在松林内,14种松毛虫卵寄生蜂中有9种能寄生柞蚕卵。利用柞蚕卵作为马尾松毛虫卵寄生蜂的补充寄主是可行的。补充寄主的林地,卵蜂种群密度比对照提高0.68～1.43倍,而长年补充又比阶段补充增加1.37倍,比对照区增加2倍。林间补充寄主后提高了平腹小蜂和白角小蜂的种群密度。第一代松毛虫卵期总寄生率补充寄主区较对照区提高5.16～28.96％,第二代提高3.62～24.97％;第三代提高8～17.99％。根据卵蜂在不同生态条件下的消长规律,补充寄主的方法应有所不同,在地被物稀少的松林中补充寄主的次数应多一些,而在地被物丰富的松林中,补充寄主的次数可相应减少。     

Use of Akaike information criteria for model selection and inference. An application to assess prevention of gastrointestinal parasitism and respiratory mortality of Guinean goats in Kolda,Senegal

A field experiment was carried out in Kolda (southern Senegal) from July 1986 to July 1988. Its goals were to: (1) describe the patterns of mortality of female Guinean goats by age, season and year; (2) assess preventive measures against respiratory diseases and gastrointestinal parasitism in reducing mortality; and (3) estimate the overall impact of these measures on survival to 1 year of age. Preventive measures for respiratory disease included vaccination against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) and pneumonic pasteurellosis (Pasteurella multocida types A and D). Control of gastrointestinal parasites was by deworming does with morantel (7.5 mg kg⁻¹, three times during the rainy season). The effects of vaccines and deworming were tested in a randomised factorial field experiment with villages being the experimental units. A total of 19 villages, 113 goat herds and 1458 goats were included in the study.

Generalised linear models of survival for five cohorts of goats (defined by five different birth seasons) used a binomial assumption for the response distribution and a complementary log–log link. Explanatory variables included age, season, year, vaccination, deworming and their interactions. A complex a priori model was built on the basis of previous epidemiological knowledge; a purposively selected set of simpler models was compared to this full model by the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and derived statistics. Inference on 1-year survival and treatment effects accounted for model-selection uncertainty. It was carried out with a bootstrap procedure and used information from the whole set of selected models.

Large variations in mortality by year and season were observed but no regular seasonal pattern was apparent. Mortality probabilities of kids in dewormed groups decreased quickly after birth, but remained elevated up to 9 months of age in the non-dewormed groups. Deworming lowered the risk of mortality. Vaccination alone was not protective (except during an observed outbreak of PPR).     

Stimulating effects of the insecticide chlorpyrifos on host searching and infestation efficacy of a parasitoid wasp

Hymenopterous parasitoids play an important role in the control of insect populations. During oviposition, Hymenopterous parasitoids use cues such as odours from their environment to locate their specific host. Leptopilina heterotoma (parasitoid of Drosophila larvae) locate their host by probing the substrate with the ovipositor. This behaviour can be induced by the odour of the host substrate alone. We analysed the sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos at LD20 on the probing activity in response to a fruit odour (banana). The insecticide increased the percentage of females spontaneously probing in response to the odour. Parasitoid females were then conditioned to associate banana odour with the oviposition in host larvae. This conditioning enables parasitoids to memorize the odour and to increase their probing response to this odour. During the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide found and oviposited in host larvae more quickly than control females. One hour after the olfactory conditioning, females exposed to the insecticide presented a higher increase of their probing response to the odour than controls. Twenty-four hours after conditioning, the stimulation produced by chlorpyrifos was no longer perceptible, but the level of response of conditioned females was still higher than that of non-conditioned females, showing that odour memory was not impaired by the insecticide treatment. These sub-lethal effects, that stimulate host searching by parasitoids without impairing odour memorization, could increase their parasitic efficiency.     

利用家蚕蛹人工繁殖自蛾周氏啮小蜂的研究

初步研究了利用家蚕蛹大量繁殖白蛾周氏啮小蜂的可行性。观察了白蛾周氏啮小蜂在家蚕蛹上的发育历期,子代蜂的寿命及飞行能力,认为繁蜂的最佳蜂蛹比为15～20∶1;4次接蜂结果显示,周氏啮小蜂可以利用家蚕蛹连续繁殖,单蛹出蜂量及单雌产卵量均较高;利用家蚕蛹繁殖的白蛾周氏啮小蜂对国槐尺蛾蛹寄生率为76.7%,表明利用家蚕蛹繁殖的子代蜂对其他寄主具有较强的寄生能力。     

松突圆蚧种群生命表与花角蚜小蜂的寄生作用的研究

通过对不同时期放蜂的放蜂区和不放蜂的对照区建松圆蚧自然种群生命表２４个,并对这些生命表采用相关回归分析,指出影响放蜂区松突圆蚧种群数量变动的关键因子是松突圆蚧花角蚜小蜂的寄生。     

利用松褐天牛转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂研究初探

利用松褐天牛Monochamus alternatus幼虫转管繁育管氏肿腿蜂Scleroderma guani,研究转管对发育历期、繁蜂量等的影响.结果显示:转管繁育缩短了管氏肿腿蜂的产卵前期,对管氏肿腿蜂的寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂的数量有较显著影响,第1次转管时这3项指标较为理想.综合比较了发育历期、寄生率、寄生成功率、产卵量、子代蜂数量和性比等各项指标后认为:转管繁育是提高管氏肿腿蜂繁蜂量的一种优良技术,繁蜂量比不转管增加3.97倍.     

Egg trait variation in a large hawk‐cuckoo (Hierococcyx sparverioides) host population of Chinese babax (Babax lanceolatus)

Mutual interaction between brood parasites and their hosts is a well‐known model system for studying host–parasite coevolution. Both parties have acted reciprocally, resembling an evolutionary arms race, in which adaptations and counter‐adaptations have evolved as a result of host–parasite dynamics, such as the classical cuckoo–host system. Discrimination among parasite and cuckoo eggs and rejection of foreign eggs is regarded as an important anti‐parasitism strategy. The Chinese babax (Babax lanceolatus) is a large hawk‐cuckoo (Hierococcyx sparverioides) host distributed in southwest China. A previous study shows that the babax is an intermediate egg rejector, and most cuckoo eggs are accepted by the Chinese babax, although a small proportion of hosts reject cuckoo eggs. Interestingly, the large hawk‐cuckoo lays non‐mimetic eggs in contrast to the uniform blue eggs of babaxes. Because egg coloration is a critical cue used by host species in favor of the recognition of parasitic eggs by hosts, we used a spectrometer to quantify egg color variation to understand the differentiation in discrimination ability between the egg rejectors and acceptors. We found that the chroma of intra‐clutch variation of babax eggs was more consistent in egg rejectors than in acceptors. However, no statistical significance was found in inter‐clutch variation between these two types of hosts. Our results suggest that hosts lay eggs with a low level of intra‐clutch variation without the necessity of a high level of inter‐clutch variation simultaneously as predicted by the egg signature hypothesis. This study may further indicate that selection pressures from evolutionarily recent parasites can drive individual‐based differences in an anti‐parasitism strategy.