上虞海涂实验农场中心试验区排水系统探讨

上虞市海涂实验农场中心试验区的排水系统，能满足十年一遇的年最大２４ｈ降雨，两天内排出的要求。滨海盐土的地下水位高，农田基本建设除用浅、密的排水沟布置外，还应结合平整土地、发展灌溉以及适用的农、林技术等综合措施，才能达到治盐改土的效果。     

Mangroves as indicators of coastal change

In view of the unique biological characteristics of mangroves, it is interesting to assess the extent to which these ecosystems can be used as indicators of coastal change or sea-level rise. From recent studies of mangrove mortality at several locations (including Guiana, Gambia, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, India and Bangladesh), it appears that these coastal ecosystems are so specialized that any minor variation in their hydrological or tidal regimes causes noticeable mortality. Each species of mangrove (but particularly those belonging to the genera Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Sonneratia, Heritiera and Nypa) occurs in ecological conditions that approach its limit of tolerance with regard to salinity of the water and soil, as well as the inundation regime. If the duration of daily immersion were to be modified by tectonic, sedimentological or hydrological events, the species either readjusts to the new conditions or succumbs to unsuitable conditions. Consequently, the use of remote sensing data for mangrove ecosystems offers excellent potential as a tool for monitoring coastal change.     

澳门海岸防护林多树种配置造林效果分析

对澳门凼仔岛海岸山地防护林造林地 (8年生 )进行调查 ,分析了林分保存率、林分生长量、各树种平均胸径、平均树高、林分土壤肥力和林分植被变化情况。认为海岸山地防护林营造多树种阔叶混交林是一种值得研究推广的林分改造模式     

Isolation of two strains of a new Tombusvirus (Havel river virus, HaRV) from surface waters in Germany

Two virus isolates from water samples — one from a small stream in South Western Germany and another one from the Havel river in North Eastern Germany c. 500 km away, proved to be strains, named S and H, respectively, of a new Tombusvirus for which the name Havel river virus (HaRV) had been suggested previously in a brief account. Immunoelectron microscopical decoration tests and sequence comparisons of the coat proteins indicated that the two HaRV strains are only distantly related to known Tombusviruses. The closest relationships were found to Cucumber necrosis virus. Nothing is known about their natural hosts. Because the S strain of HaRV was isolated in a woody area from a small stream close to its origin, they may be pathogens of trees or wild plants in such habitats.     

硬质海岸防护设施的生态效应与对策

虽然滨海地区占地球陆地面积不足4%，但沿海生境是全球最有价值的自然资源之一。世界上超过三分之一的人口生活在距海岸线100 km的范围内。气候变化和人类活动使得全球海岸侵蚀和风暴潮威胁加重。海岸防护可以有效抵御海岸侵蚀、风暴风险和海平面上升。本文概述了全球主要沿海国家和地区（欧盟、美国、中国）海岸硬化情况以及海岸硬化带来的生态效应。欧洲海岸线硬化比例为10%（2006年），美国海岸的硬化比例为14%（2015年），而中国海岸线的硬化比例近60%（2014年）。海岸硬化会引起滨海湿地重要物理、化学和生物过程的改变，生境丧失和破碎化，以及生物连通性的改变。增加硬化设施的结构复杂性或由混合型海岸代替传统硬化海岸可以减轻海岸硬化对滨海湿地生态系统的威胁，但对硬质海岸和混合型海岸的生态服务功能以及抵御风暴能力的评估还比较缺乏，有待进一步研究。     

河北沿海焦氏舌鳎资源现状分析

焦氏舌鳎过去利用价值较低,但随着渔业捕捞能力的增强,渔业资源衰退的问题日益突出,焦氏舌鳎的生态优势逐步显现。通过对河北省沿岸焦氏舌鳎近年资源状况进行研究,发现近两年其生态优势度有所提升,群体组成存在小型化、低龄化的特点,就此提出了渔业资源养护相关建议。     

新疆恒源煤矿新近系水体采动等级评价

指出了恒源煤矿侏罗系煤系地层基本无水,主要充水水源为新近系独山子组的孔隙-裂隙含水层,但是主井筒开拓时,开始涌水量很小,继续向下开拓时,井筒涌水量超过1000m3/h。计算了煤层"两带"高度和新近系含水层与下覆煤系地层间距,研究表明:煤系地层与新近系水体间并无直接的水力联系,具体的涌水来源尚无定论,估算矿井的最大涌水量为160.74m3/h,正常涌水量为53.58m3/h。     

Asterosaponins: Structures,Taxonomic Distribution,Biogenesis and Biological Activities

Asterosaponins are a class of steroid oligoglycosides isolated from starfish with characteristic structures and diverse biological activities. In this review, we have attempted to combine the most important data concerning asterosaponins and give a list of these secondary metabolites with their structural peculiarities. The purpose of this review is to provide a brief but as complete as possible principal information about their chemical structures, taxonomic distribution in the marine environment, distribution in different geographical areas and depths, some properties, biological activities, and functions. Some other rare steroid metabolites from starfish, closely related in structures and probably biogenesis to asterosaponins, are also discussed.     

围垦对滨海稻田土壤N2O还原潜力的影响

稻田湿地生态系统的N₂O还原消耗潜力对缓解大气温室气体效应具有重要意义，而滨海自然湿地围垦改造成稻田后耕层土壤的N₂O还原速率及其微生物机制却鲜有报道。选取崇明岛光滩湿地为对照（WK0），比较研究不同围垦年限（19、27、51、86 a）的围垦区稻田耕作层土壤N₂O还原速率演替规律及其微生物数量变异特征。结果表明，土壤总有机碳含量（TOC）随围垦年限增长而显著增加，而土壤pH值、SO₄^2-浓度和EC值则均随围垦年限增长而呈逐渐下降趋势。土壤N₂O还原速率随围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a稻田土壤达到25.5 μg N₂O·g^-1·d^-1，与光滩湿地相比增加了58.4%。定量PCR结果发现，功能基因nosZ Ⅰ和nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数也随着围垦年限增长而显著增加，其中围垦86 a的稻田土壤功能基因分别为1.72×10⁸ copies·g^-1和4.36×10⁸ copies· g^-1，比光滩湿地稻田高出一个数量级。相关性分析发现土壤N₂O还原速率与功能基因nosZ Ⅰ拷贝数呈显著正相关，而功能基因nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数随围垦年限的增加率远高于功能基因nosZ Ⅰ；N₂O还原速率、功能基因nosZ Ⅰ、nosZ Ⅱ拷贝数与3个土壤理化指标（pH、EC、SO₄^2-）均呈负相关。因此，围垦造田促进了滨海湿地土壤N₂O还原过程，而功能基因nosZ Ⅰ数量的大幅增加是N₂O还原速率增加的重要原因。     

咸-淡水交替漫灌淋洗改良滨海盐土效果

为探讨咸-淡水交替淋洗改良滨海盐土效果和节水潜力,通过土柱模拟试验,对咸-淡水交替淋洗下土壤溶液电导率变化、淋出液矿化度变化、淋洗用水量等进行了研究。结果表明,咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水(矿化度5.35 g L_-1)淋洗阶段,当100 cm深土体底部开始有淋出液时,距土表40 cm深处土壤溶液电导率下降已非常明显,而距土表80 cm、100 cm深处土壤由于盐分的聚积而电导率较高；咸水持续淋洗下40 cm深处土壤电导率始终缓慢下降,而80 cm、100 cm深处土壤电导率变化历经较快、快速、缓慢下降三个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水淋洗阶段,前期不同深度处土壤溶液电导率基本保持稳定；随着淋洗水量的增加,由土表向下不同深度位置土壤溶液电导率先后经过快速下降和缓慢下降两个过程。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水淋洗阶段,淋出液矿化度变化经过快速、较快、缓慢下降三个过程,直至下降到7.32 g L_-1。淡水替换咸水继续淋洗下,前期淋出液矿化度保持稳定,当淡水淋洗水量增加到7 L(27.49 cm水层)时淋出液矿化度开始下降。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式咸水、淡水淋洗阶段结束后100 cm深土体土壤平均含盐量从初始的23.92 g Kg_-1下降到5.92 g Kg_-1和1.46 g Kg_-1,咸、淡水淋洗水量分别为21.45 L和14.85 L,与对照淡水淋洗模式比较咸-淡水交替淋洗模式淡水节约率为25.38%。咸-淡水交替淋洗模式改良滨海盐土效果较好,且节水潜力较高,但相应需要更长的淋洗改良时间。