Plant growth regulator and its interactions with environment and genotype affect maize optimal plant density and yield

Increasing planting density is important to raise maize yield, however, high density often leads to an increase risk of lodging due to dense canopy and weak stem. Maize yield and optimal plant density are increased by applying plant growth regulator compound of ethephon and DA-6, however, we do not know if this compound would interact with location and genotype. In this study, a novel plant growth regulator, as the synthesis of N, N- diethyl − 2 − hexanoyl oxygen radicals − ethyl amine (2-ethyl chloride) phosphonic acid salt (DHEAP), combining the effects of ethephon and DA-6 in one chemical, was developed and tested at three locations, five plant densities (6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants m⁻²) and three cultivars in 2014–2015. This study aimed to quantify the interactions between environment, genotype and management (Appling DHEAP and plant density) on lodging-related optimal plant density and yield. DHEAP significantly increased grain yield by 10.7% due to the increases of kernel weight by 3.2% and kernel number per ear by 4.4%. On average across genotypes and environments, applying DHEAP increased optimum plant density by 6%. The optimal plant density interacted with cultivar, DHEAP and environment. Applying DHEAP reduced lodging percentage by lowering ear height. The yield-lodging relationship was affected by genotype and location. We concluded that maize yield could be enhanced by optimizing plant density, applying DHEAP and cultivar selection, but climatic and environmental differences of locations should be considered.     

播期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响

油菜机械化生产中,植株倒伏是影响机械化收获的重要因素。为探讨不同播种期对川中丘陵区油菜倒伏性状的影响,以川油36和蓉油18为供试材料,分别设置9月22日、9月29日、10月6日、10月13日和10月20日5个播期处理,分析不同播期条件下油菜生育期气象因子、倒伏性状指标的变化情况。结果表明,随播种期推迟,油菜生育期内的降水量、积温、日均最高气温、日均最低气温和日照时长均逐渐下降,生育期逐渐缩短,成熟期植株株高、分枝部位、根颈粗、茎秆粗降低,倒伏系数增加。油菜抗倒伏能力在9月22-29日播期处理之间最强。因此,川中丘陵区油菜的适宜播期为9月下旬。     

基于深度相机的玉米株型参数提取方法研究

提出了一种基于骨架提取的改进算法,可实现在大田环境下,使用PMD深度相机快速、无损测量玉米株型参数。首先利用深度图像RGB伪彩色和深度距离信息,提取深度图像的骨架,排除复杂背景干扰,得到单株玉米的二值骨架图像;然后利用基于角点检测的改进归类算法提取骨架图像特征点;最后建立骨架图像中特征点与深度图像的对应关系,利用空间几何数学方法,结合特征点计算出玉米的3种株型参数,即株高、茎粗、叶倾角。农田实验对比分析表明,所提方法的株高测量结果与人工测量结果的相关系数 r 为0.986,最大相对误差小于2 cm,农田作物育种抗逆性分析还表明玉米株型参数与抗倒伏性具有显著相关性。     

Decomposition of (1–3,1–4)-β-Glucan and Expression of the (1–3,1–4) -β-Glucanase Gene in Rice Stems during Ripening

Abstract

To elucidate the possible participation of hemicellulose decomposition in lodging resistance, we studied the change of hemicellulose and cellulose content in the stems of rice during the ripening stage by methylation analysis and the expression of related genes by Northern blotting. In the rice stem in ripening stage, content of (1-3,1-4)-β-glucan, a component of hemicellulose, decreased markedly although the content of arabinoxylan, a major component of hemicellulose, and cellulose showed little change during the same growth period. On the other hand, expression of the Gns 1 gene, which may encode (1-3,1-4) -β-glucanase that catalyzes the degradation of (1-3,14) -β-glucan, increased sharply in the stem. The mechanism of decomposition of (1-3,1-4) -β-glucan in rice stem and the possible association with lodging resistance is discussed.     

钾肥施用量对糜子产量农艺性状及倒伏性状的影响

为明确糜子栽培中钾肥的最佳施用量,以糜子品种赤黍1号为试材,设钾肥施用量0（不施, CK）、60、120、180、240和300 kg/hm2计6个处理,采用随机区组试验设计,调查了不同施钾量对糜子产量、农艺性状和倒伏性状的影响。结果表明：在赤黍1号上施用钾肥,有利于提高籽粒产量,其中施钾量为120 kg/hm2时产量最高;对株高、穗长和节数影响不显著,对茎粗和分蘖数的影响达到了极显著水平,对单丛穗粒重的影响达到了显著水平;能够有效降低倒伏率和倒伏角度,施钾量为120 kg/hm2时倒伏率和倒伏角度均最小。施钾量为120 kg/hm2时能够同时提高赤黍1号的籽粒产量和抗倒能力,赤黍1号栽培中理想的施钾量为120 kg/hm2。     

油菜倒伏原因及其防止措施

论述了油菜倒伏受气候、环境、栽培、种质的影响,提出油菜抗倒伏高产栽培技术措施,包括精细整地、施足底肥,选择优良品种,适时早播,培育壮苗,加强油菜蕾苔期田间管理等。为油菜产量和品质的提高提供了依据。     

小麦茎秆木质素代谢及其与抗倒性的关系

以抗倒性不同的6个小麦品种为材料,观测了茎秆基部第二节间的木质素含量及苯丙氨酸转氨酶(PAL)、酪氨酸解氨酶(TAL)、肉桂醇脱氢酶(CAD)和4-香豆酸: CoA连接酶(4CL)活性以及不同时期茎秆抗折力和倒伏指数的变化,探讨木质素含量与抗倒伏能力的关系。不同小麦品种的茎秆木质素含量存在明显差异。茎秆抗折力大、倒伏指数小的品种(济麦20和济麦22),其茎秆木质素含量高,PAL、TAL、CAD和4CL活性强。相关分析表明,茎秆木质素含量与实际倒伏率呈显著负相关(r = -0.83, P<0.05);与抗折力呈显著正相关(r = 0.86, P<0.05);PAL、TAL和CAD活性与木质素含量呈显著正相关(r =0.78, 0.77, 0.85, P<0.05),4CL活性与木质素含量呈不显著正相关(r =0.39, P>0.05)。研究表明,较高的PAL和CAD活性是木质素含量高的酶学基础,茎秆木质素含量可作为小麦品种抗倒伏性评价的一个重要指标。     

水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及对产量的影响

研究了不同肥力条件下的水稻抗倒伏能力与茎秆物理性状的关系及对产量的影响。以成熟期植株倾斜角度代表的抗倒伏能力与茎秆第1伸长节间长度呈极显著负相关,与基部茎秆粗度、厚度分别呈极显著正相关。不同株高品种的抗倒伏能力存在着品种间差异;施氮对水稻群体倒伏具有重要影响。就产量来说,最高产群体一般出现在750kg/hm2的中肥区。研究认为,通过降低第1和第2伸长节间长度,适当加强茎秆基部物理性状的强度、降低穗位、增加穗长和穗颈长度等,可以提高水稻植株的抗倒性,使倒伏与株高和生物产量的矛盾在更高产水平上得到统一。     

甘蓝型油菜主茎理化特性与倒伏的关系及抗倒性评价

以抗倒性不同的8个甘蓝型油菜品种为供试材料,分析了主茎的理化特性、株高、单株产量和倒伏情况,结果表明:中双9号的抗倒性最强,其主茎蛋白质含量最高,其他理化指标在品种间无明显区别;主茎钾含量与蛋白质、电阻率呈显著负相关;但蛋白质与含水量、粗纤维与抗折力、钙含量与单株产量、株高与粗纤维、株高与倒伏指数、倒伏指数与倒伏系数等均呈显著正相关;单株产量与倒伏指数呈极显著正相关。利用倒伏系数(单株产量/株高×抗折强度)评价油菜倒伏性是可行的。