Effects of organic matter addition on phosphorus availability to flooded and nonflooded rice in a P‐deficient tropical soil: a greenhouse study

Addition of organic matter (OM) to flooded soils stimulates reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals, thereby mobilizing associated phosphate (P). Hence, OM management has the potential to overcome P deficiency. This study assessed if OM applications increases soil or mineral fertilizer P availability to rice under anaerobic (flooded) condition and if that effect is different relative to that in aerobic (nonflooded) soils. Rice was grown in P‐deficient soil treated with combinations of addition of mineral P (0, 26 mg P/kg), OM (0, ~9 g OM/kg as rice straw + cattle manure) and water treatments (flooded vs nonflooded) in a factorial pot experiment. The OM was either freshly added just before flooding or incubated moist in soil for 6 months prior to flooding; blanket N and K was added in all treatments. Fresh addition of OM promoted reductive dissolution of Fe(III) minerals in flooded soils, whereas no such effect was found when OM had been incubated for 6 months before flooding. Yield and shoot P uptake largely increased with mineral P addition in all soils, whereas OM addition increased yield and P uptake only in flooded soils following fresh OM addition. The combination of mineral P and OM gave the largest yield and P uptake. Addition of OM just prior to soil flooding increased P uptake but was insufficient to overcome P deficiency in the absence of mineral P. Larger applications of OM are unlikely to be more successful in flooded soils due to side effects, such as Fe toxicity.     

淹水、干旱条件下北空越桔生理反应的研究

采用盆栽试验,研究了'北空'越桔在连续淹水、干旱条件下的生理反应。结果表明,在淹水和干旱条件下,越桔叶片的光合强度、叶绿素含量（Chla、Chlb、Chla＋b、Chla／Chlb）、光量子通量密度降低,而呼吸强度、气孔导度、蒸腾速率升高,随逆境时间加长,变化幅度增大。     

Residential runoff – The role of spatial density and surface cover,with a case study in the Höjeå river catchment,southern Sweden

Depending on the spatial density of built cover and location within a catchment, residential areas make varying contributions to surface runoff throughout different rainfall events. This study examined these contributions and the associated effect of different surface covers and sustainable drainage systems on runoff generation. The Soil Conservation Service curve number (SCS-CN) method was applied to analyse urban development in the Höjeå river catchment in southern Sweden.The results indicated that identical amounts of surface runoff are generated by low-density residential areas on heavy clay soils and high-density residential areas on sandy soils. However, increasing the density of built-up areas on sandy soils is likely to be more disruptive to the hydrological balance and to generate a greatly increasing difference in runoff as building density and impermeable surface area increase. A similar pattern is likely to occur if rainfall intensity increases. It may therefore be appropriate to apply different planning considerations to residential developments depending on the existing soil group, e.g. conserving existing vegetated surfaces on sandy soil and incorporating permeable paving materials and sub-surface infiltration beds in development on clayey soils. Increased area of impermeable surface cover will increase surface runoff in all residential areas, irrespective of building density, soil group and rainfall intensity. However, adapting a systems approach in combining vegetative structures and permeable paving materials with subsurface infiltration beds can help mitigate the impact of surface runoff, particularly in urban developments on clay-rich soils.     

植物淹水胁迫对各生理特性的影响概述

在概述植物对淹水胁迫各种适应方式的基础上,重点从植物激素和各种酶的活性以及发酵途径、形态上的影响等方面,对近年来植物抗淹水胁迫适应性的研究进展作简要评述.     

Relation of Seed Structures to Soybean Cultivar Difference in Pre-germination Flooding Tolerance

Abstract

Flooding during germination inhibits the sprouting and emergence of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.], reducing subsequent growth and yield. Previous studies revealed that cultivars tolerant to pre-germination flooding have a mechanism of reducing water absorption speed (WAS) during the initial stage of inundation; however, seed structures involved in WAS have not been fully clarified to date. The objectives of this study were to identify possible seed structures responsible for cultivar difference in WAS and pre-germination flooding tolerance. WAS of two tolerant cultivars (Peking and Williams) and two susceptible cultivars (Nakasennari and Enrei), which were identified in our previous study, was compared in relation to seed structures. In Peking, WAS was markedly lower than that of the other cultivars, either in intact seed or seed with the seed coat removed, suggesting that both the seed coat and the embryo have a mechanism of reducing WAS in this cultivar. WAS of the hilum side tended to be higher than that of the back side, and sealing of the micropyle significantly lowered WAS, showing that the micropyle rather than the hilum appeared to be responsible for the higher WAS of the hilum side regardless of cultivar. A comparison of cross section area of the hilum revealed that the tolerant cultivars tended to have a larger area than the susceptible cultivars, suggesting that an inner space of the hilum can act as a reservoir at the initial stage of inundation, thereby reducing WAS in tolerant cultivars.     

红壤区不同生态模式的“土壤水库”特征及其防洪减灾效能

本文在江西红壤区选择 5种具有代表性的红壤生态利用模式 :稀疏林生态 (Ⅰ )、林草生态(Ⅱ )、草灌生态 (Ⅲ )、经果生态 (Ⅳ )、农田生态 (Ⅴ )和对照模式侵蚀裸地 (Ⅵ ) ,利用人工模拟降雨仪研究和分析了不同生态模式“土壤水库”调节雨水的特征及其防洪减灾效能。结果表明 ,红壤区土壤入水通道受阻是“土壤水库”发挥防洪减灾效能的主要障碍因子 ;人工草灌生态模式 (Ⅲ )的防洪减灾效能最好 ;经果生态模式 (Ⅳ )不但具有较高的防洪减沙效能 ,而且具有较高的经济效益 ,是该区首选模式。     

沿淮低洼区洪涝灾害特征分析及农业结构调整建议

洪涝是沿淮低洼区自然灾害中影响最为严重的一种灾害,分析洪涝灾害特征并调整农业结构对沿淮低洼区防洪、减灾和治理具有重要意义.本文在论述沿淮低洼区洪涝灾害特征及其对农业的影响的基础上,着重分析了沿淮低洼区水热气候资源、种植结构现况和避洪生态农业发展模式.探索了沿淮低洼区农业结构适应性调整及农业避洪减灾的对策和措施.     

山楂红色素提取及稳定性研究

[目的]探讨山楂红色素的提取方法和稳定性。[方法]用UV-754紫外可见分光光度计测定山楂红色素在不同波长下的吸光度值,确定其最大吸收波长,再用721分光光度计在该波长下测定不同色素溶液的吸光度值。[结果]液泛提取法是提取山楂红色素的最佳方法,其色素的色价和收率均高于另外2种方法,提取时间短,溶剂用量相对较少。山楂红色素的最大吸收波长为533nm,温度上限约为50℃,其在酸性溶液中有良好的稳定性,浸提液在室内比较稳定,对阳光较敏感。K+对色素没有明显影响,Ca2+对色素的吸光值有一些增强作用,而少量Fe3+会对色素产生严重影响。[结论]以0.1%HCl-95%乙醇为浸提液,采用液泛法提取山楂红色素能提高色素的色价和收率。     

山楂红色素提取及稳定性研究

[目的]解决由于山楂红色素稳定性较差,从而影响山楂制品的感观的问题。[方法]对山楂红色素的提取和稳定性进行了探索,报道色素最稳定的pH范围和受热、光照时的变化,以及一些金属离子、有机酸、无机酸、糖类等食品中常见物质对山楂红色素的稳定性影响。[结果]从山楂中提取食用色素,用0.1%HCl-95%乙醇为浸取液,采用液泛法可提高色素的色价和收率;山楂红色素在酸性介质中颜色纯正,50℃以下稳定;食品添加剂中的Ca2+、Mg2+及柠檬酸、糖类等对山楂红色素有一定的增色作用。[结论]该研究为山楂红色素的提取和应用提供了依据。     

Involvement of Bradyrhizobium japonicum denitrification in symbiotic nitrogen fixation by soybean plants subjected to flooding

Denitrification by Bradyrhizobium japonicum bacteroids contributes to nitric oxide (NO) production within soybean nodules in response to flooding conditions. However, the physiological relevance of NO production by denitrification in B. japonicum-Glycine max symbiosis is still unclear. In this work, soybean plants were inoculated with B. japonicum strains lacking the nirK or norC genes which encode the copper-containing nitrite reductase and the c-type nitric oxide reductase enzymes, respectively. 14 days flooding increased nodule number of plants inoculated with the WT and norC strains, but not of plants inoculated with the nirK mutant. However, nodule dry weight was not affected by 14 days flooding regardless of the strain used for inoculation. Supporting this observation, individual nodule growth was significantly higher in plants inoculated with nirK than those inoculated with WT or norC after 14 days flooding. Nodule functioning was strongly inhibited by flooding since leghemoglobin content of the nodules induced by any of the strains was significantly decreased after 7 or 14 days flooding compared to control plants. However, this effect was more relevant in nodules of plants inoculated with the WT or norC mutant than in those inoculated with the nirK mutant. Nitrogen fixation was also estimated by analyzing nitrogen content derived from biological nitrogen fixation in shoots, using the ¹⁵N isotope dilution technique. By using this approach, we observed that the negative effect of 14 days flooding on nitrogen fixation was more pronounced in plants inoculated with the norC mutant. However, nitrogen fixation of plants inoculated with nirK showed the highest tolerance to 14 days flooding. These findings allowed us to demonstrate the previously proposed hypothesis which suggests that NO formed by copper-containing nitrite reductase in soybean nodules, in response to flooding, has a negative effect on nitrogenase activity. We propose that inoculation of soybeans with a B. japonicum nirK mutant, which does not produce NO from nitrate, increases the tolerance of symbiotic nitrogen fixation to flooding.