Composition and fatty acid profile of milk from cows supplemented with pressed oilseed cake

This study compared the productive and nutritional parameters of milk from crossbred lactating cows managed on Panicum maximum Jacq. cv. Tanzania and with a diet supplemented with different pressed oilseed cakes. The supplements used were as follows: peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake for replacement of soybean meal. Sixteen cows with an average weight of 544 ± 57 kg and producing 8 ± 1.4 L of milk per day were used in this study. The animals were randomly assigned to the treatments according to a Latin square design repeated over time, with four treatments, 16 animals and four experimental periods. Supplementation of the diet with peanut cake, sunflower cake and palm kernel cake compared with soybean meal in the diet of cows did not affect the average daily production or composition of the milk. The palm kernel cake promoted an increase in lauric fatty acids (C_12:0) and palmitoleic acids (C_16:1) (5.02 and 1.65%, respectively) compared with peanut cake and sunflower cake (4.13 and 4.01%, respectively). The levels of oleic fatty acids (C_18:1) were higher for the sunflower cake and palm kernel cake supplements (26.01 and 25.01%, respectively) compared with peanut cake (23.11%). The replacement of soybean meal with sunflower cake and palm kernel cake improved the nutritional quality of the milk, with lower concentrations of saturated fatty acids and higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids, without compromising the production or nutritional composition of the milk. © 2015 Japanese Society of Animal Science     

用h方程计算饱和非饱和土壤水入渗问题的一种加速收敛方法

阐述了计算土壤水入渗情况下θ方程和ｈ方程的适用条件及其优缺点，讨论了用ｈ方程计算饱和非饱和土壤水入渗时的收敛问题。在计算过程中，当ｈ＜－ｈｐ时，可令ｈ＝０，即认为土壤已经饱和。这种处理方法，既满足计算精度，又加快了收敛速度。论文还通过一个实例说明ｈｐ如何确定。     

非饱和带地下水溶质运移模拟理论研究

通过非饱和带地下水中溶质运移的理论基础的研究,介绍了非饱和带内溶质运移模拟的研究方法及影响因素,在此基础上建立了非饱和带水流模型以及溶质运移的数学模型,并介绍了模型的求解方法有限差分法及其求解原理。同时介绍了影响非饱和带内溶质运移的相关参数及多种边界条件,研究了典型特征参数的设定及影响因素。指出了非饱和带溶质运移的理论研究意义,并举例提出了相关建议措施。     

日粮中不饱和脂肪酸对畜禽免疫影响的研究进展

日粮中的不饱和脂肪酸在一定程度上影响畜禽的免疫反应，本文主要从不饱和脂肪酸对淋巴细胞膜，淋巴细胞增殖，体液免疫，淋巴细胞及免疫器官这五方面的影响作一综述。     

Tracing Pharmaceuticals in the Unsaturated Zone (10 pp)

Background, Aim and Scope   One of the first occurrences of pharmaceutically active compounds in groundwater was reported from the sewage irrigation farms south of Berlin. At these sewage irrigation farms treated sewage effluent passed the soil and unsaturated zone before reaching the aquifer. Clofibric acid was detected in pore water from soils of those sewage irrigation farms in concentrations between 65 ng/L and 1430 ng/L. The aim of this study was to investigate the transport behavior of regularly detected clofibric acid, diclofenac, ibuprofen, and propyphenazone under conditions comparable to those at the sewage irrigation farms in a multiple compound sand column laboratory experiment. Materials and Methods   Sediment column experiments were conducted to study the transport of pharmaceuticals in the unsaturated zone. The migration was measured in fine to medium grained sand and leaching solution containing 1 mg/L of pharmaceutically active compounds and 61 mg/L of the tracer lithium chloride (LiCl). For the analysis of the pharmaceutical compounds the water samples were adjusted to a pH value of 2 and then extracted by solid-phase extraction (SPE). Before extraction, the samples were spiked with a surrogate standard for analytical quality control. The sample extracts were analyzed by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) with selected ion monitoring (SIM). Depending on the sample volume (100 to 200 mL) and the matrix, the limits of detection were between 1 and 10 ng/L, and the limits of quantitation were between 5 and 25 ng/L. Analysis for calcium, magnesium and lithium were carried out using a 'Trace Scan' ICP-AES from Thermo Jarrel Ash. Sodium, potassium, iron and manganese were analyzed using a Philips PU 9400 flame AAS. Analysis of anions was performed on a Dionex ion chromatograph DX 120. Results   At the sewage irrigation farms the average concentrations of clofibric acid in the unsaturated zone declined from higher values near ground surface (480 ng/L) to lower values near the groundwater table (65 ng/L). From the pharmaceuticals analyzed only clofibric acid, primidone and propyphenazone could be analyzed in the first (upper) aquifer at the sewage irrigation farms. All other pharmaceuticals could neither be detected in the first aquifer nor in the deeper aquifers. Breakthrough curves from soil column experiments revealed no transformation and no retardation for clofibric acid, whereas transformation of diclofenac was so high (79%) that no retardation factor could be calculated. Ibuprofen was significantly transformed (37%), transformation of propyphenazone (17%) was quite low and retardation (Rf = 2.05) was in the range of previously conducted column experiments. Discussion   The results confirm previously conducted experiments with clofibric acid where this compound was identified as highly mobile and persistent. The results that diclofenac and ibuprofen are significantly transformed where unexpected as other studies exhibited much lower transformation under saturated conditions at least for diclofenac. However, lower pH values and higher oxygen contents in the unsaturated zone compared to the aquifer may explain this observed high transformation of these compounds at the column experiments. Conclusions   We conclude that irrigation with sewage effluent containing the compounds used in our experiments will lead to an input into groundwater of clofibric acid, whereas diclofenac and ibuprofen will most likely be transformed during the passage. Propyphenazone will be retarded but will most likely occur in groundwater. These results from the column experiments coincide very well with the occurrence of the pharmaceuticals clofibric acid, primidone, and propyphenazone in the first aquifer. Recommendations and Perspective  : The results underline the need to study the sorption of pharmaceuticals on various materials. e.g. organic matter, surfaces at pH values occurring in the unsaturated zone. Future field studies will also include the investigation of desorption behavior in the unsaturated zone.     

Test on engineering properties of unsaturated undisturbed loess Q2

A series of triaxial shear tests with controlled constant confining pressure are conducted to study the failure modes, effects of deformation, strength and yield properties of unsaturated undisturbed loess Q2, with improved SJ-1A triaxial shear equipment. The test results show that the failure mode of unsaturated undisturbed loess Q2 is shear failure with the rupture angle between 55 and 61 degree; Shear dilatancy is shown under low confining pressure, and shear shrinkage is shown under high confining pressure; The stress-strain curves of undisturbed loess Q2 will change from perfectly plastic to weak strain softening as the confining pressure increases; A effective method is suggested to identify the field stress of undisturbed loess Q2 under triaxial shear condition with the curves of - q/p ; when the confining pressure increases, the deviatoric yield stress qy has a logarithmic relationship with net mean yield stress py .     

计算非饱和土壤水流问题的一种新差分格式

将求解对流占优Burgers方程的随流格式推广应用于计算非饱和土壤水流入渗问题。在Euler坐标系中,扩散项取中心差分格式,对流项中的空间偏导数取迎风格式,而对流速度取为随流迎风格式。算例表明,这样构造的差分格式精度高于传统格式。     

非饱和土壤溶质运移数值模拟的初步研究

应用有限差分法对非饱和土壤中一维溶质运移模型数值求解，模拟了土壤水分运动和溶质运移的动态过程。以实测数据验证了模拟结果的合理性与有效性。为保证数值模拟正确进行，给出确定离散步长ｄｘ和ｄｔ的三个准则。     

青绿苜蓿对牛奶中主要不饱和脂肪酸的影响

用气相色谱法测定牛奶中的棕榈油酸,油酸,亚油酸,亚麻酸等不饱和脂肪酸,通过色谱图得出所测几种不饱和脂肪酸的相对含量与对照相比较,发现补饲青绿苜蓿的奶牛组其牛奶中不饱和脂肪酸平均含量分别上升了0.59和0.05个百分点.方差分析表明,青绿苜蓿对牛奶中的不饱和脂肪酸的影响不显著.     

非饱和黄土中的吸力与有效应力

用压力板法和回归分析法研究了基质吸力对非饱和黄土强度性质的影响。结果表明，非饱和黄土的基质吸力与饱和度在双对数座标上呈直线关系；起始基质吸力与液限、塑性指数及粘粒含量呈线性规律变化；有效应力影响系数与其起始基质吸力呈线性关系，且随粘粒含量的增大而增大。