现代温室"番茄""一品红"联茬模式技术研究

围绕提高现代温室的种植效益,提出了蔬菜番茄和盆花一品红联茬栽培模式,介绍了番茄反季节栽培技术要点和一品红栽培技术要点。     

一品红转化酶基因片段的克隆和序列分析

根据植物酸性转化酶基因的保守区序列,设计1对PCR引物,以一品红基因组DNA为模板,采用PCR方法扩增出长约500 bp的DNA片段,克隆入pM D-18T载体,测序结果表明:获得1个一品红酸性转化酶基因家族的成员,该基因片段长523 bp,编码173个氨基酸,属于开放阅读框的一部分,不含内含子。在G enB ank中进行同源性检索的结果表明,该成员编码的氨基酸与其他植物细胞壁酸性转化酶编码的氨基酸同源性较高。     

一品红枯萎病病原菌鉴定

通过病原菌致病性测定形态鉴定，确认一品红枯萎病是由尖孢镰刀菌引起。采用浸根接种法和灌根接种法进一步对该菌进行寄主范围测定试验，被接种的１１个科１４种植物中仅有一品红发病，故鉴定该菌为一独立的专化型－－尖孢镰刀菌一品红专化型。     

Inheritance of fomesafen and imazethapyr resistance in a multiple herbicide-resistant Euphorbia heterophylla population

Euphorbia heterophylla populations endued with resistance to both imazethapyr (an acetolactate synthase inhibitor) and fomesafen (a protoporphyrinogen oxidase inhibitor) were first detected in Brazil in 2004. The objectives of this study were to determine the number and dominance of genes conferring imazethapyr and fomesafen resistance in E. heterophylla and to establish the types of inheritance of the resistance traits. It was hypothesised that two dominant nuclear genes control this herbicide resistance and each gene confers resistance to a single herbicide. We crossed a susceptible (S) and a multiple-resistant (R) E. heterophylla biotype and generated F₁ families which, in turn, were self-fertilised to produce F₂ families. Backcrosses of the F₁ families with the S- and R parental biotypes resulted in BC_s and BC_r families respectively. The F₁, F₂, BC_s and BC_r families and the S and R parental biotypes were subjected to imazethapyr and fomesafen wherein each herbicide was used as a selecting agent. F₁ plants and the S- and R parental biotypes were used to evaluate the dominance of the resistance trait in multiple-dose bioassays with imazethapyr and fomesafen. The observed frequencies of resistant plants in the F₁, F₂, BC_s and BC_r families did not significantly differ from the expected frequencies for a resistance trait regulated by two dominant genes in which each gene confers resistance to a single herbicide. The lack of difference in herbicide response between the F₁ family and the R parental biotype was taken as evidence for completely dominant resistance to imazethapyr and fomesafen. Herbicide resistance in E. heterophylla presents with dominant monogenic nuclear inheritance for each herbicide mode of action. Our findings underscore the necessity and urgency of adopting integrated strategies to control E. heterophylla and to inhibit the evolution of new herbicide-resistant strains.     

施肥对一品红抗寒性的影响

研究了施肥对一品红天鹅绒品种抗寒性的影响及可能的调控技术。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了施K、Ca、Si量与天鹅绒抗寒指标综合分之间的效应模型,并对模型进行了统计选优,降维分析,边际效应分析。结果表明氯化钾、氯化钙、硅酸钠3种肥料均能提高一品红抗寒性,且重要性依次为:硅酸钠>氯化钾>氯化钙。氯化钾最大效应在600 mg/L,分别施氯化钙、硅酸钠0 mg/L;氯化钙最大效应为200 mg/L,分别施氯化钾150 mg/L,硅酸钠25 mg/L;硅酸钠最大效应为100 mg/L,分别施氯化钙、氯化钾0 mg/L;在同时施用3种肥的情况下,高浓度硅酸钠配合低浓度氯化钾、中等浓度氯化钙或高浓度氯化钾配合低浓度硅酸钠、中等浓度氯化钙有利于抗寒性提高。高抗寒性栽培要点为:施氯化钾量267~366 mg/L,施氯化钙量90~122 mg/L,施硅酸钠量24~52 mg/L。     

温室盆栽一品红生长发育模拟模型

该研究的目的是建立一个温室盆栽一品红（Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd.）生长发育模拟模型,为温室盆栽一品红生产中的光温精准调控提供理论依据与决策支持。以一品红品种‘中国红’（Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. Red China）为研究对象,通过不同定植期和不同密度的试验,定量分析了一品红生长发育与光温的关系。在此基础上,以生理辐热积（Physiological product of thermal effectiveness and PAR,PTEP）为尺度,建立了温室盆栽一品红生育期模拟子模型;以冠层吸收的生理辐热积（Canopy intercepted PTEP, PTEPint）为尺度,建立了温室盆栽一品红干物质生产和分配模拟子模型;综合生育期模拟子模型与干物质生产和分配模拟子模型,建立了温室盆栽一品红生长发育模拟模型,并用独立的试验数据对模型进行了检验。模型对从摘心到短日处理、单苞、单蕾、多蕾和开花期的模拟预测值与实测值的符合度较好。模拟值与实测值基于1︰1线的决定系数R2为0.99,回归估计标准误差RMSE分别为0.7、3、3.5、0.7和2 d,预测精度明显高于以有效积温为尺度的发育模型（RMSE分别为8、4.5、3.8、2.8和7.2 d）。模型对单位面积总干质量、叶干质量、茎干质量和苞叶干质量的模拟值与实测值基于1︰1线的R2和RMSE分别为0.98、0.97、0.91和0.95;7.12、7.49、3.89和2.48 g/m2。模型对一品红单位面积总干质量的预测精度明显高于基于光合作用驱动的生长模型（R2和RMSE分别为0.77和35.06 g/m2）。该研究建立的模型能够较准确地预测温室盆栽一品红各生育期出现时间、干物质生产和各个器官干质量的动态,模型的预测精度较高、参数少且易获取、实用性较强。     

光照对一品红观赏性状的表达效果

对一品红彼特之星品种进行了光照促花试验,促花组每天给予10 h的光照,以自然光照作为对照处理。结果表明:在暗处理苞叶转色前,处理与未处理的植株间株高、冠幅、枝粗、节间长度、叶片数生长没有明显差异;在处理开花后株高、叶数、枝粗差异达显著水平。处理与未处理相比,花期提前2个月左右,苞片比较大,植株比较矮,冠高比较适合,观赏价值比较好,但花期的枝条偏细偏弱,是否进行暗处理对冠幅没有很大影响。     

我国一品红植物新品种保护及DUS测试

为完善一品红新品种的保护体系,促进一品红育种工作的发展。综述了我国一品红植物新品种保护测试机构、保护年限、申请流程及已授权品种详细信息等保护现状,总结了一品红新品种的DUS测试技术,主要包括性状的组成和性状的描述。     

施肥措施对一品红抗寒生理指标的影响

研究了K、Ca、Si肥对一品红天鹅绒、威望2品种抗寒性生理生化特性的影响及可能的调控技术。采用三因素五水平二次回归正交旋转组合设计,建立了施K、Ca、Si量与2品种抗寒性综合分之间的效应模型并对模型进行了优化分析。结果表明:3种肥料均能提高一品红抗寒性,但对威望品种影响大于天鹅绒品种,各指标对抗寒性影响大小为:电导率>丙二醛>可溶性蛋白质>可溶性糖>脯氨酸>SOD。高抗寒性栽培要点如下:天鹅绒品种:施KCl量231～369mg/L,施CaCl2量79～121mg/L,施Na2SiO3量42～58mg/L;威望品种:施KCl量229～330mg/L,施CaCl2量86～120mg/L,施Na2SiO3量33～48mg/L。     

Phosphorus efficiency of ornamental plants in peat substrates

A pot experiment was conducted to investigate factors contributing to phosphorous (P) efficiency of ornamental plants. Marigold (Tagetes patula) and poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherima) were cultivated in a peat substrate (black peat 80% + mineral component 20% on a volume basis), treated with P rates of 0, 10, 35, 100, and 170 mg (L substrate)^–1. During the cultivation period, plants were fertigated with a complete nutrient solution (including 18 mg P L^–1) every 2 d. Both poinsettia and marigold attained their optimum yield at the rate of 35 mg P (L substrate)^–1 and the critical level of P in shoot dry matter of both crops was 5–6 mg g^–1. After planting, plant‐available P increased at lower P rates to a higher level for poinsettia than for marigold, but no significant change was observed at higher P rates. Balance sheet calculations indicated that at lower P rates more P was fertigated than was taken up by the plants. Root‐length density, root‐to‐shoot ratio, and root‐hair length of marigold were doubled compared to that of poinsettia. Root‐length density increased with crop growth, and 10 d after planting the mean half distance between roots exceeded the P‐depletion zone around roots by a factor of 3 and 1.5 for poinsettia and marigold, respectively. Thus, at this early stage poinsettia exploited only 10% of the substrate volume whereas marigold utilized 43%. Later in the cultivation period, the depletion zones around roots overlapped for both crops. Taking into account P uptake via root hairs, the simulation revealed that this was more important for marigold compared to poinsettia especially at low P‐supply levels. However, increase of P uptake due to root hairs was only 10%–20% at optimum P supply. For the two lower P levels, the P‐depletion profile around roots calculated for 10 d after planting showed that after 2 d of depletion the concentration at the root surface was below the assumed K_m value (5 μM) and the concentration gradient was insufficient to fit the demand. A higher content of plant‐available P in the substrate was observed for poinsettia compared to marigold in the treatment with P application adequate for optimum growth, because more fertigated P was accumulated during early stages of cultivation due to lower root‐length density of poinsettia. The observed difference of root morphological parameters did not contribute significantly to P‐uptake efficiency, since P mobility in the peat substrate was high.