黄芩田茎叶处理除草剂筛选试验研究

[研究背景] 黄芩是我国重要中药材,人工种植模式下杂草防除困难,且目前没有登记的专用除草剂。[目的]筛选出适用于黄芩田防除一年生杂草的除草剂品种或组合。[方法]通过调查黄芩田杂草种类、数量,并针对主要杂草,从13种有代表性的茎叶处理除草剂中筛选出对黄芩安全性好的品种进行防效试验,确定除草效果及用量。[结果]60g/L烟嘧磺隆OD 750ml/hm₂^、12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120ml/hm₂^、187.5ml/hm₂^以及10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450ml/hm₂^、675ml/hm₂^、1350ml/hm₂^、108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375ml/hm₂^、450ml/hm₂^、900ml/hm₂^{等处理对黄芩安全},鲜重抑制率-1.35%--17.96%;480g/L灭草松AS等其它药剂、处理的黄芩植株全部或多数枯死、植株弱小发黄,对黄芩不安全。12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120ml/hm₂^、187.5ml/hm₂^、240ml/hm₂^、375ml/hm₂^处理药后30天对黄芩田一年生阔叶杂草的总体株防效为84.08%-90.55%,鲜重防效为89.30%-95.38%;对一年生禾本科杂草的总体株防效为54.90%-73.20%,鲜重防效为60.16%-78.52%。10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450ml/hm₂^、675ml/hm₂^{处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为}90.20%-95.42%,鲜重防效为93.19%-97.00。108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375ml/hm₂^、450ml/hm₂^{处理对黄芩田一年生禾本科杂草的株防效为}95.42%-99.35%,鲜重防效为97.23%-99.54%。[结论]可以使用12%砜嘧磺隆OD 120-187.5ml/hm₂^{防除黄芩田以反枝苋、马齿苋、牛筋草等为主的一年生杂草},对黄芩安全。禾本科杂草群体较大时,加入10.8%精喹禾灵EW 450-675ml/hm₂^或108g/L高效氟吡甲禾灵EC 375-450ml/hm₂^,以增加对禾本科杂草的防效。     

Relationship between rimsulfuron degradation and microbial biomass content in a clay loam soil

 The present research was conducted to determine the relationship between the degradation of rimsulfuron and soil microbial biomass C in a laboratory-incubated clay loam soil (pH=8.1; organic matter=2.1%) under different conditions and at different initial dosages (field rate, 10 and 100 times the field rate). The half-life values varied between 0.4 and 103.4 days depending on temperature, soil moisture and initial dose. Evidence suggested that rimsulfuron could pose environmental risks in cold and dry climatic conditions. Significant decreases in microbial biomass C content in rimsulfuron-treated soil, compared to untreated soil, were observed initially, especially at higher temperatures and low moisture levels, but never exceeded 20.3% of that in control soil. The microbial biomass C content then returned to initial values at varying times depending on incubation conditions. The relationship between herbicide degradation and microbial biomass C content gave parabolic curves (P<0.005 in all cases) under all conditions tested. Generally, maximum biomass C decrease coincided with the decrease in the concentration of rimsulfuron to about 50% of the initial dose, except at 10  °C and 100×, when biomass began to recover as early as 65–70% of the initial dose. The final equations could be useful to deduce the decrease of soil microbial biomass in relation to herbicide concentration. From the degradation kinetics of the herbicide, the time required to reach this decrease can also be calculated. Received: 19 July 1999     

烟叶及土壤中砜嘧磺隆农药残留及消解动态研究

[目的]研究砜嘧磺隆在烟草上使用后的残留行为及环境安全性。[方法]建立了利用HPLC-MS/MS技术检测烟叶及土壤中砜嘧磺隆残留量的方法。样品经过乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)吸附剂净化,高效液相色谱-串联质谱检测,外标法定量。采用所建检测方法测定了GAP试验获得的烟草和土壤中砜嘧磺隆残留。[结果]在0.005~0.500 mg/kg的加标水平下,土壤和鲜烟叶中砜嘧磺隆的平均添加回收率分别为84.1%~95.8%、90.0%~94.2%,相对标准偏差分别为3.2%~6.4%、3.6%~7.3%,定量限均为0.005 mg/kg。在0.010~0.500 mg/kg的加标水平下,干烟叶中砜嘧磺隆的回收率为87.1%~90.1%,相对标准偏差为2.0%~8.9%,定量限为0.010 mg/kg。砜嘧磺隆在鲜烟叶中的原始沉积量为0.005~0.041 mg/kg,在土壤中为0.005~0.510 mg/kg,砜嘧磺隆在土壤中消解较快,理论半衰期为1.4~2.9 d;施药后70 d,烤后烟叶中农药残留量低于定量限。[结论]采用20%砜嘧磺隆可分散油悬浮剂防治烟草田杂草,于烟草移栽期喷雾施药1次,制剂用药量为90~105 g/hm~2(有效成分18~21 g a.i./hm~2),安全间隔期为70 d。     

Effects of organic amendment and herbicide treatment on soil microbial biomass

 The interactive effects of vermi-compost from sewage sludge and either the sulfonylurea herbicide, rimsulfuron, or the imidazolinone herbicide, imazethapyr, on some soil biochemical and microbiological properties were investigated. The herbicides were applied at field and 10-fold field rates. Both herbicides exerted a detrimental effect on soil microbial biomass and its biochemical properties. Even though the effect of both herbicides on soil microbial biomass was not detectable at the field rate, some significant influences on acid and alkaline phosphatase were observed. The higher rate of herbicide application impaired the observed microbial parameters to a greater degree. The detrimental effects seemed to be reduced by organic amendments. Among the studied microbial characteristics, the specific respiration quotient was particularly reliable and sensitive in determining the influence of herbicides on the soil microbial biomass. In this paper a new synthetic index, specific hydrolytic activity (qFDA), for assessing microbial activity in reply to xenobiotic treatments is proposed. Received: 31 May 1999     

Tolerance of Amaranthus palmeri populations from California to postemergence herbicides at various growth stages

In recent years, poor control of Amarathus palmeri S. Wats. plants with glyphosate in many agricultural and non-crop has been observed in the San Joaquin Valley (SJV), California, USA. Studies were conducted to assess if these were glyphosate-resistant (GR) populations. Populations from 23 different locations of the SJV were exposed to glyphosate application of 840 g ae ha⁻¹ at the 5 to 8 leaf stage of the plant and compared against a known GR and glyphosate-susceptible (GS) population from New Mexico, USA. None of the plants from the SJV survived the glyphosate application suggesting that they were GS. Plant mortality following application of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹), glufosinate (490 g ai ha⁻¹), paraquat dichloride (660 g ai ha⁻¹), saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹), rimsulfuron (70 g ai ha⁻¹⁾, and a tank-mix of glyphosate (840 g ae ha⁻¹) + saflufenacil (50 g ai ha⁻¹) applied at the 4 to 6, 8 to 10, and 12 to 16 leaf stages of A. palmeri was determined on potted plants grown outdoors. Complete control was obtained with all the treatments applied at the 4 to 6 leaf stage but control was reduced to less than 70% and 20% with glyphosate and glufosinate, respectively at the later stages. The other treatments provided 100% control at all growth stages. Combinations of saflufenacil + glyphosate, saflufenacil + glufosinate, saflufenacil + dicamba, rimsulfuron + glyphosate, tembotrione + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, flumioxazin + pyroxasulfone + glyphosate, dicamba + paraquat dichloride, and glyphosate + glufosinate were also tested on 8 to 10 leaf stage A. palmeri plants and all the combinations provided 100% control.