草类植物抗病机制研究进展

草类植物病害是限制草牧业生产和发展的主要因素之一。目前抗病品种的开发利用是目前防治病害最经济有效的方法，植物抗病机制的研究对开发抗病品种和构建生态环境友好型病害防治至关重要。植物受病原菌侵染时形成多种复杂的防御机制，本研究主要从植物组织结构抗性、生理生化抗性、抗性基因和抗性数量性状位点（QTLs）定位等分子机制方面综述草类植物抗病机制研究进展，并提出我国草类植物抗病机制研究中面临的主要问题与解决办法，以期为草类植物抗病育种提供理论依据。     

玉米倒伏影响因素及其QTL定位研究进展

倒伏不仅严重影响玉米产量及品质,而且还影响机械化收获,是当前玉米生产中亟待解决的主要问题之一。近年来,利用分子标记技术揭示了大量与玉米倒伏相关QTL的基本特征及遗传基础,为分子标记辅助育种奠定基础,为玉米抗倒伏的遗传改良提供了新策略。本文综述了玉米倒伏相关影响因素及QTL定位研究进展,并对玉米倒伏相关QTL研究的趋势进行了展望。     

苹果分子标记及辅助育种研究进展

从基于集群分离分析法、杂交群体、全基因组关联分析和功能基因分子标记4个方面对苹果相关的分子标记及其在辅助育种上的应用进行了综述,为苹果分子标记辅助育种和揭示重要性状的遗传提供依据。     

玉米苗期耐碱性QTL定位分析

利用郑58/昌7-2构建的156个玉米F₂：3家系为作图群体,在100 mmol/L Na₂CO₃溶液的碱性胁迫下进行玉米苗期耐碱性鉴定,并利用SSR标记构建的分子遗传连锁图谱进行QTL分析。采用复合区间作图法共检测到4个与玉米苗期耐碱率相关的QTL,分布于第2、5、7条染色体上,单个QTL可解释的表型贡献率范围为1.1%～8.6%。所检测到的4个QTL的增益等位基因均来自于耐碱亲本郑58。     

花生抗锈病种质筛选及抗性QTL分析

锈病是影响花生产量和品质的主要真菌性病害。本研究以“中花10号× ICG 12625”构建的重组自交系群体（RIL）为材料,在武昌和阳逻两个环境中对其F₈群体进行锈病抗性鉴定,获得了8份抗锈病材料（QT0348、QT0368、QT0400、QT0402、QT0419、QT0458、QT0463和QT0485）。利用前期构建的遗传图谱进行QTL分析,检测到10个与锈病抗性相关的QTL,贡献率为4.54%~10.78%,分布于7条染色体上。其中,qBB06.1和qBB06.4为重复一致的QTL,贡献率为10.76%。根据侧翼标记在物理图谱进行比对,发现对应区段含有193个基因,其中178个基因被注释,功能注释基因中有1个NBS-R基因。本研究结果为花生抗锈病的遗传改良奠定了基础。     

An introduction to markers, quantitative trait loci (QTL) mapping and marker-assisted selection for crop improvement: The basic concepts

Recognizing the enormous potential of DNA markers in plant breeding, many agricultural research centers and plant breeding institutes have adopted the capacity for marker development and marker-assisted selection (MAS). However, due to rapid developments in marker technology, statistical methodology for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and the jargon used by molecular biologists, the utility of DNA markers in plant breeding may not be clearly understood by non-molecular biologists. This review provides an introduction to DNA markers and the concept of polymorphism, linkage analysis and map construction, the principles of QTL analysis and how markers may be applied in breeding programs using MAS. This review has been specifically written for readers who have only a basic knowledge of molecular biology and/or plant genetics. Its format is therefore ideal for conventional plant breeders, physiologists, pathologists, other plant scientists and students.     

QTL mapping of volatile compounds in ripe apples detected by proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry

The availability of genetic linkage maps enables the detection and analysis of QTLs contributing to quality traits of the genotype. Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry (PTR-MS), a relatively novel spectrometric technique, has been applied to measure the headspace composition of the Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by apple fruit genotypes of the progeny ‘Fiesta’ × ‘Discovery’. Fruit samples were characterised by their PTR-MS spectra normalised to total area. QTL analysis for all PTR-MS peaks was carried out and 10 genomic regions associated with the peaks at m/z = 28, 43, 57, 61, 103, 115 and 145 were identified (LOD > 2.5). We show that it is possible to find quantitative trait loci (QTLs) related to PTR-MS characterisation of the headspace composition of single whole apple fruits indicating the presence of a link between molecular characterisation and PTR-MS data. We provide tentative information on the metabolites related to the detected QTLs based on available chemical information. A relation between apple skin colour and peaks related to carbonyl compounds was established. The two authors contributed equally to this work.     

水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁分析

稻米淀粉的合成和积累是水稻千粒重形成的重要基础之一。在水稻千粒重QTLs定位分析基础上，对本研究克隆的14个水稻胚乳淀粉合成与积累相关基因及已报道的和预测的42个相关基因进行了电子定位分析，比较水稻淀粉合成代谢相关基因与千粒重QTLs的连锁关系。发现有38个基因位点与千粒重QTLs连锁，说明千粒重形成与胚乳淀粉积累与淀粉结构形成代谢密切相关。本研究结果将为进一步研究水稻产量形成的分子机理提供参考。     

Molecular mapping and characterization of traits controlling fiber quality in cotton

Cotton (Gossypium spp) is the world's leading natural fiber crop. Genetic manipulation continues to play a key role in the improvement of fiber quality properties. By use of DNA-based molecular markers and a polymorphic mapping population derived from an inter specific cross between TM-1 (G. hirsutum) and 3-79 (G. barbadense), thirteen quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling fiber quality properties were identified in 3-79, an extra long staple (ELS) cotton. Four QTLs influenced bundle fiber strength, three influenced fiber length, and six influenced fiber fineness. These QTLs were located on different chromosomes or linkage groups and collectively explained 30% to 60%of the total phenotypic variance for each fiber quality property in the F₂ population. The effects and modes of action for the individual QTLs were characterized with 3-79 alleles in TM-1 genetic background. The results indicated more recessive than dominant, with much less additive effect in the gene mode. Transgressive segregation was observed for fiber fineness that could be beneficial to improvement of this trait. Molecular markers linked to fiber quality QTLs would be most effective in marker-assisted selection (MAS) of these recessive alleles in cotton breeding programs. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

水稻孕穗期耐热性QTLs分析

水稻籼粳亚种间杂种优势利用是提高水稻产量的重要途径。然而，异常高温或低温导致籼粳亚种间杂种育性下降是影响其优势利用的主要因素之一。本研究以USSR5（粳稻）/广解9号（籼稻）//USSR5回交群体为供试材料，构建了相应的分子连锁图谱，分别以高温处理下直接小穗育性及小穗育性热敏感指数为指标，对水稻孕穗期高温耐热性及其相对耐热性进行数量性状位点（QTLs）分析。结果表明，在第2、4和5染色体上检测到孕穗期耐热性相关的QTL各一个，对表型变异的解释率为6.4%~15.8%；在第4、8染色体上分别检测到与孕穗期相对耐热性相关的QTL，qhts-4和qhts-8，LOD值分别为3.81和2.86，对表型变异的解释率分别为16.8%和9.9%。对其进一步的上位性分析表明，有8条染色体的4对位点存在基因间互作，小穗育性耐热性除受主效QTL控制外，还受基因间互作及修饰基因的影响。