Hybridization and in vitro culture of an orchid hybrid Ascocenda ‘Kangla’

The present study focuses on hybridization program involving two species belonging to two different vandaceous genera, viz., Ascocentrum ampullaceum (Roxb.) Schltr. var. auranticum, a narrow endemic orchid of Manipur and Vanda coerulea Griff., an endangered orchid of Appendix I of CITES (Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora), to synthesize the primary hybrid genus with intermediate and improved characters in the F₁ generation. Observations on the crossability in the present bigeneric cross between V. coerulea and A. auranticum had been achieved with 60% success when V. coerulea was taken as female parent. Murashige and Skoog (MS) basal medium at half-strength was effective for the development of the hybrid seedlings of V. coerulea × A. auranticum followed by Vacin and Went (VW) and Knudson C (KC) media. The best response of seedling growth was observed on MS medium at half-strength supplemented with 2.3 μM kinetin + 0.5 μM α-naphthalene acetic acid with maximum shoot height (2.7 cm), leaf number (4.6) and root number (4.1) after 150 days of inoculation. The survival percentage and growth performance of the seedlings were found to be higher (80% survival) in potting substrate consisting of brick:charcoal in the ratio 2:1 mulched with moss (Sphagnum sp.) than in potting substrate consisting of brick:charcoal:tree fern in the ratio 2:1:1. The first flowering was observed in the hybrid seedlings of V. coerulea × A. auranticum after 2 years of transfer to the ex vitro environment. Morphologically, the flowers differed from that of the parents clearly showing the success of the hybridization experiment. Registration of the hybrid has been made with the Royal Horticultural Society with the nomenclature Ascocenda ‘Kangla’ (No. T128725).     

乙烯利和激动素对玉米茎秆抗倒伏和产量的影响

倒伏是影响玉米产量的主要原因之一,为了探明不同时期喷施不同生长调节剂对玉米抗倒伏性和产量的影响,选用玉米品种‘德美亚1号’和‘德美亚2号’为试验材料,在5、7、9展叶期分别喷施乙烯利(ETH)和激动素(KT),以喷施清水为对照,测定灌浆期基部茎秆形态、力学、化学组分及成熟后的倒伏率和产量。结果表明,与对照相比,‘德美亚1号’5展叶期喷施KT,节间直径显著增加21.11%,节间密度增加13.23%;与对照相比,‘德美亚2号’7展叶期喷施ETH,使基部节间总长度显著降低14.41%,节间直径显著增加10.70%,节间密度显著增加15.46%。‘德美亚1号’和‘德美亚2号’7展叶期喷施ETH,分别与对照相比,折断力显著增加26.04%和16.77%,穿刺强度显著增加22.77%和14.62%。‘德美亚2号’9展叶期喷施ETH,节间半纤维素、纤维素和木质素组成的化学组分总含量比对照显著增加25.49%。KT对两个品种茎秆力学影响表现不同,ETH对两个品种茎秆力学调控效果优于KT处理。两种调节剂处理均降低了两种玉米收获期的倒伏率。节间直径与折断力呈极显著正相关(r=0.905**),节间化学组分总含量和节间直径与倒伏率呈显著或极显著负相关。两个品种9展叶期喷施KT,产量比对照极显著增加22.24%和19.98%,喷施ETH对产量影响不显著。综上,KT于两个品种9展叶期喷施可显著增加产量,ETH于两个品种7展叶期喷施对抗倒伏性调控效果较好。     

激动素对果蝇生长发育过程中体重的影响

[目的]探讨激动素的抗衰老机理，为其临床应用提供理论依据。[方法]分别用含有0、20、40、60、80、100、120mg／kg激动素的培养基喂饲野生黑腹果蝇，研究不同浓度的激动素对果蝇生长发育过程中体重的影响。[结果]雌性果蝇的体重在0与20、40、60、80、100mg／kg之间有统计学差异，而在其他浓度之间，除0与120、40、100mg／kg之间没有显著差异外，均有明显差异。雄性果蝇的体重在0与100、80mg／kg之间有显著差异，在80mg／kg与20、120mg/kg之间以及100mg/kg与120mg／kg之间也有显著差异，在其他浓度之间则没有明显差异。[结论]以80mg／kg为界，低于这个浓度的激动素会促进果蝇体重的增长，高于这个浓度的激动素会抑制果蝇体重的增长：     

Screening and quantification of an antiseptic alkylamide, spilanthol from in vitro cell and tissue cultures of Spilanthes acmella Murr.

The study revealed, for the first time, accumulation of spilanthol, an antiseptic alkylamide, in in vitro cultures of Spilanthes acmella Murr., a medicinal plant of immense commercial value. To achieve this, in vitro shoots were regenerated via direct organogenesis from leaf-disc explants of Spilanthes. Shoots were induced in the presence of N⁶-benzylaminopurine (BAP) alone or in combination with either α-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) or Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in Murashige and Skoog medium. The best treatment for shoot regeneration was MS + BAP (5.0 μM) + IAA (5.0 μM), which promoted adventitious shoot proliferation in >82% cultures with an average of 5.3 shoots per explant. Regenerated shoots rooted spontaneously with a frequency of 100% on half strength MS medium (major salts reduced to half strength) containing 50 g l⁻¹ sucrose. The plantlets were acclimatized successfully with 90% survival rate. Additionally, ploidy stability of the regenerated plants was assessed by flow cytometry which showed that all investigated plants had the similar ploidy as that of the mother plant. For spilanthol identification, peaks eluted from HPLC were analyzed by mass spectrometry with its characteristic fragmentation pattern. For quantification studies, calibration curve was generated, which revealed a higher amount of spilanthol content (3294.36 ± 12.4 μg/g DW) in the leaves of in vitro plants compare to those of in vivo plants (2703.66 ± 9.6 μg/g DW of spilanthol). An efficient multiplication frequency, ploidy stability and enhanced spilanthol accumulation ensure the efficacy of the protocol developed for this industrially important medicinal plant.     

S_(3307)和KT对春玉米叶片碳代谢及产量的影响

探讨叶面喷施烯效唑(S_(3307))和激动素(KT)对玉米叶片碳代谢及产量的影响,为S_(3307)和KT在玉米生产上的应用提供科学依据。大田栽培条件下,以‘德美亚1’和‘德美亚2’为试验材料,于玉米7叶期喷施S_(3307)和KT,喷施清水为对照,研究其对玉米叶片碳代谢及产量的影响。结果表明:S_(3307)和KT均显著增加了2个品种的穗重、粒重、穗行数、行粒数和单粒重,最终提高了玉米籽粒产量。其中,KT对‘德美亚1’产量的调控效果较好,S_(3307)对‘德美亚2’产量的调控效果较好。喷施调节剂后第21~30天,2种调节剂均降低了叶片淀粉含量和淀粉酶活性,‘德美亚1’的叶片淀粉含量下降幅度为0.16%~31.10%,淀粉酶活性下降幅度为7.58%~45.83%;‘德美亚2’的叶片淀粉含量下降幅度为2.68%~42.01%,淀粉酶活性的下降幅度为3.97%~39.82%。喷施调节剂后第21天,2个品种叶片蔗糖和可溶性糖含量的大小依序为KTS_(3307)CK,‘德美亚1’的2个处理蔗糖和可溶性糖含量比CK分别增加84.64%、31.28%、67.38%和52.74%,‘德美亚2’的2个处理蔗糖和可溶性糖含量比CK分别增加14.21%、3.92%、49.34%和37.50%。2种调节剂均显著促进了生育后期玉米叶片的生理活性,延缓了叶片衰老,进而提高了玉米产量。     

不同配比的赤霉素和激动素与营养液配施对平菇产量与品质的影响

不同配比的ＧＡ３和ＫＴ与营养液配合，通过拌料和喷洒菇蕾两种方法施在平菇上，发现ＧＡ３和ＫＴ对平菇菌丝伸长均有抑制作用，但只要ＧＡ３和ＫＴ配比恰当，就能促进菌丝分枝生长，也能显著提高平菇产量和品质，但使维生素Ｃ等的含量下降，ＧＡ３和ＫＴ若与营养液配合施用，则更能发挥其增产作用。     

Effect of Pre- and Post-Kinetin Treatments on Salt Tolerance of Different Potato Cultivars Growing on Saline Soils

Different potato cultivars were subjected to 10 ⁻⁶M kinetin treatment prior to the transplantation in saline soils (pre-kinetin treatment) and to the plants already growing on the saline soils (post-kinetin treatment). The kinetine when applied before the exposure of plants to saline soils showed promotory effects on growth, tuberization and some biochemical parameters of potato at 0.5 % salinity. The degree of inhibition in number of tubers and yield was reduced at 1 % salinity due to pre-kinetin treatment. The level of proline, reducing sugars and sodium was increased in different plant parts to maintain the osmoregulation. However, kinetin did not play any specific role in reducing down the increase in proline content resulted due to salinity. The level of K⁺ was found to be higher at low salinity in all the cultivars of potato. Higher concentrations of proteins and enhanced activity of starch synthetase at low level of salinity suggest the salutary effect of Na⁺ in metabolic functions of plant cells. The nitrate reductase (NR) activity was appeared to be more sensitive than starch synthetase. This could possibly be due to the localization of the enzyme and the cellular concentration of toxic substances increased under stress. Total Glyoalkaloids (TGA) content was reduced at both the salinity levels irrespective of kinetin treatments. On the contrary Na⁺ content was increased in all the treatments of kinetin at both levels of salinity. During this study cvs. Red Lasoda, Patrones and Atom alue approved to be more tolerant as compare to rest of the cultivars tested. This could be a combined effect of genetic setup, amendments in saline soils and pre-kinetin treatments of plants exposed to various regimes of salinity. Furthermore it is argued that salt tolerance limit can be extended upto certain level of salinity by pre-kinetin treatment in potato plants.     

Improvement of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) propagation using in vitro culture and gamma irradiation

Some of the factors influencing the propagation of caper (Capparis spinosa L.) plants in vitro and germination of the seed were studied. The number of adventitious shoots emerging from caper stems cultured in vitro increased from 2.2 shoots per explant when the growth medium contained 2 mg/L of gibberellic acid (GA3) to 5.5 when the growth medium contained 2 mg/L zeatin riboside (ZR) and 1 mg/L naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). The best medium for callus formation from leaf and stem parts contained the growth regulators 1 mg/L 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 0.1 mg/L NAA and the best medium for plant regeneration contained 1 mg/L kinetin and 0.1 mg/L indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). The effect of gamma irradiation on the growth of caper shoots in vitro was also studied. A 10 Gy dose of gamma irradiation stimulated growth of shoots up to 200% and increased shoot rooting percentage from 75 to 100%.     

激动素促进受冷害稻苗SOD生物合成机理的探讨

实验表明： 外施2 mg.L-1的激动素(Kinetin. KT)可以提高受冷害(4℃, 36 h)稻苗体内SOD的活性, 而不能提高未受冷害的正常稻苗及无细胞提取液的SOD活性。 为了研究KT促进冷害稻苗SOD从头合成机理, 本试验采用了转录抑制剂AMD(3 mg.L-1)和翻译抑制剂CHI(0.5 mg.L-1)处理受冷害稻苗。 试验表明, 激动素主要是在转录水平上促     

NaCl plays a key role for in vitro micropropagation of Salicornia brachiata, an extreme halophyte

A simple and rapid method for micropropagation of succulent, salt accumulator and extreme halophyte Salicornia brachiata has been established for the first time using shoot tips and nodes. Individually, BA showed significant response compared to Kn and in combinations, improved shoot proliferation was observed with BA + NAA than BA + 2,4-D, however no significant response was observed with BA + IAA. Percentage of shoot response significantly increased with NaCl treatment in the combination of BA + NAA while BA + 2,4-D + NaCl combination showed reduced shoot proliferation followed by demises of most of cultures. Efficient shoot proliferation was observed with combinations BA (8.9 μM) + NAA (5.37 μM) + NaCl (500 mM) and BA (13.3 μM) + NAA (5.37 μM) + NaCl (250 mM) indicating that NaCl is required for the micropropagation. The developed method will facilitate functional analysis of novel salt responsive gene(s) isolated from S. brachiata and propagation of industrially important elite accessions.