农业土地规模经营的理论探讨

实现农业土地规模经营,有利于生产力有效运转并取得最佳的规模效益。其适度性受各种因素的影响,具有区域性和动态性。规模经营与劳动生产率有着密切的关系,应该在确保提高土地生产率的基础上来提高劳动生产和土地规模经营的效益。土地适当集中、土地经营主体的总人数尽量精简和劳动组合的优化是优化土地经营规模的三个相互制约的因素。要采取积极的措施逐步实现土地的规模经营。对现有土地经营形式要做具体分析,其调整应从有利于生产力发展出发,在尊重群众意愿的基础上稳步进行。     

不同氮肥形态对李氏禾铬富集能力的影响

为了优化李氏禾（Leersia hexandra Swartz）铬修复时的施氮效率,通过盆栽试验,研究了5种氮肥形态（硝酸钙、尿素、氯化铵、硝酸铵、硫酸铵）对李氏禾铬修复性能、生长指标和根系指标的影响。结果表明：与对照（不施氮肥）相比,施加的5种形态氮肥均促进了李氏禾生长,提高了根系活力,改变了根系形态特征,有利于提高李氏禾铬含量、铬累积量、富集系数和土壤铬去除率。施加硫酸铵的李氏禾生物量和根平均直径最大,分别为对照的5.54倍和1.51倍,其根系活力比对照增加108%;施加硝酸铵的李氏禾总根表面积和总根体积最大,分别为对照的2.17倍和1.99倍（P<0.05）。相关性分析结果表明,李氏禾的生物量、根平均直径、总根表面积、总根体积和根系活力均与土壤铬修复效率有关。其中,施加硫酸铵处理的富集系数和土壤铬去除率最高,分别为对照的1.45倍和5.56倍。研究表明,施加硫酸铵比其他氮肥形态更有利于提高李氏禾铬污染土壤修复效率。     

图书馆数字化资源建设与管理

论述了新时期图书馆数字文献信息资源的存储形式、数字文献信息资源的建设与管理。指出网络环境下,图书馆文献信息资源不可能以单一的形态存在,而是多种形式并存的发展态势。现代化的图书馆要求既要收藏电子文献出版物。又要建设有自己特色的数字化馆藏信息,同时,大力开发网络信息资源,从网络上获取虚拟馆藏,从而为读者提供数字化信息服务。     

Effects of shading and NO3:NH4 ratio on the yield,quality and N metabolism in strawberry

The effect of 50% shading and NO₃:NH₄ ratio (0:100, 75:25, 50:50, and 25:75) in the nutrient solution on growth, yield, quality and N metabolism in hydroponically grown strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var Camarosa) was evaluated. Both fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly lower when a high concentration of either NO₃ (100%) or NH₄ (75%) was the sole N source in the nutrient solution. In unshaded plants, increasing of both NH₄ and NO₃ ratio in the nutrient solution reduced photosynthetic (Pn) rate, however in shaded plants the reduction of Pn became more pronounced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the nutrient solution. The yield in terms of fresh and dry weight of fruit per plant was significantly increased at the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Fruit size was significantly affected by the treatments, so that the biggest fruits in both shaded and unshaded plants were obtained under the 75:25 and 50:50 (NO₃:NH₄) treatments. Total soluble solid (TSS) in unshaded plants was increased with increasing NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution, however in shaded plants it was reduced at high NH₄ ratio in the nutrient solution. In both shaded and unshaded plants, higher concentration of NH₄ significantly reduced the post-harvest life of the fruits. The increase of tissue N concentration was nearly proportional to the NH₄ concentration in the nutrient solution. The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) was increased by increasing NH₄ from 0 to 50% and then reduced at a higher ratio of NH₄ in the solution. Shading increased NH₄ concentration so that the shaded plant had nearly twice as high NH₄ concentration in the leaves. The increase of NH₄ concentration induced by shading could be partially the reduction of NH₄ assimilate because of the shortage of carbohydrate.     

以彝人古镇为例论我国新兴旅游形式的发展

旅游是社会生产力发展到一定阶段的产物,是人们在满足了基本生活需要的基础上逐渐所形成的更高层次的消费需求,随着经济的发展以及社会不断的进步,人们思维方式的不断转变对于旅游的要求也逐渐发生了转变。     

Philosophy of Science and the Chinese Contemporary Architectural Forms

Philosophy of science led by Popper is one of the most important contemporary scientific and philosophic theories.In addition to the science,the philosophy of science impacted contemporary social science mostly,of which the false-feasibility,circumstantial logic,anti-historical determinism and anti-scientism influenced the orientation of contemporary architecture.Just with these factors of philosophy of science,this thesis reanalyzed and reviewed Chinese contemporary architectural forms,especially the tradition inheritance.     

施用生物炭和零价铁粉对土壤中镉形态变化的影响

通过施用生物碳和还原性铁粉,研究其对土壤镉形态变化的影响.结果表明:生物碳或还原性铁粉单施及二者配施均极显著改变土壤镉形态.其中生物炭、还原性铁粉二者配施效果优于单施;单施生物炭主要对交换态镉的降低效果显著,同时对碳酸盐结合态镉、有机结合态镉及残渣态镉的形成起显著作用;而单施还原性铁粉对铁锰氧化结合态镉的形成起显著作用.另外,镉的活性指数从4.36降到0.97,不同形态镉含量的最大变化为,交换态镉比例从81.04％降到49.16％;碳酸盐结合态镉从9.44％升到17.93％;铁锰氧化结合态镉从2.95％升到10.88％;有机结合态镉从2.66％升到11.33％;残渣态镉从3.91％升到14.42％.在16个处理中,I3B2(铁粉0.045 g/kg土和生物炭3.0 g/kg土)处理为最佳组合.     

模拟酸雨胁迫对赤红壤磷素形态特征的影响

通过田间小区模拟酸雨实验,研究酸雨胁迫下赤红壤不同磷素形态变化的方向和程度。结果表明,原位模拟酸雨影响下,一定强度（pH≥4.0）的酸雨胁迫能有效促进有效磷的释放,而当pH〈4.0强度酸雨胁迫时有效磷的释放随pH值降低逐渐受到抑制。随酸雨酸度的增强,土壤酸性磷酸酶和微生物量磷均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势,可见一定强度酸雨胁迫能促进溶磷微生物和磷酸酶活性,而当高强度酸雨胁迫时土壤微生物活动逐渐受到抑制。无机磷组分中Al-P、Ca-P和Fe-P含量均随酸雨酸度的增强而降低,土壤O-P含量没有显著变化。相关分析发现,有效磷含量与微生物量磷、酸性磷酸酶呈极显著正相关,表明此时土壤有效磷变化与有机磷矿化关系最为密切。有效磷含量与各种形态无机磷（Al-P、O-P、Ca-P和Fe-P）含量之间也有较强的正相关性,表明土壤生态系统磷素转化是一个自我调节的动态平衡过程,且在一定条件下可以相互转化。     

IMPACT OF SULFUR FERTILIZATION ON DIFFERENT FORMS AND BALANCE OF SOIL SULFUR AND THE NUTRITION OF WHEAT IN WHEAT-SOYBEAN CROPPING SEQUENCE IN TARAI SOIL

A field experiment was conducted at farmer's field in Mollisols of Tarai soils in Uttarakhand (India), to assess the direct and residual effect of sulfur fertilization in wheat-soybean cropping sequence. Four levels of sulfur (S; 0, 15, 30, and 45 kg ha^?1) were applied to main crop (wheat) along with recommended dose of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P), and potassium (K). The direct and residual effect of sulfur at highest level showed 27 and 6 percent increase in grain yield of wheat and soybean over control, respectively. The increase in grain yield of wheat was significant at each sulfur level. The direct as well as residual effect of sulfur showed significant increase in sulfur concentration and its uptake by grain and straw except increase in sulfur concentration and uptake by soybean straw. In wheat-soybean cropping sequence, the agronomic efficiency and apparent sulfur recovery decreased with increase in levels of sulfur, but the percent response increased with increasing sulfur application. Different forms of sulfur such as total sulfur, organic sulfur, calcium chloride extractable sulfur, potassium dihydrogen phosphate extractable sulfur, and non-sulfate sulfur in post-harvest soil increased according to sulfur level applied but it decreased under control and also after residual crops. The buildup of sulfur in surface soils was greater than in the deeper soils. Application of sulfur showed the positive sulfur balance and it increased with increase in sulfur level, while it was negative under control. A major portion (46–62%) of applied sulfur contributed to increase in sulfur content of root zone soil followed by unaccounted component (25–40%) and small portion (11–18%) was absorbed by wheat plant as uptake.     

水稻土施用钢渣硅钙肥对土壤硅素形态和水稻生长的影响

钢渣是钢铁厂的副产品,富含硅、钙等养分,是优良的硅钙肥原料。但钢渣为强碱性物质,在稻田施用后对土壤p H值及硅素形态的影响需要阐明。2013年3―12月,通过早稻~晚稻连续2季钢渣硅钙肥温室盆栽试验,研究了钢渣施用对土壤p H值、土壤硅素形态以及水稻生长和植物硅素吸收的影响。结果表明,随着钢渣硅钙肥施用量的增加土壤p H值、土壤水溶性硅量、土壤有效硅量以及植株秸秆硅量均呈增加趋势,当土中施用钢渣有效Si O2用量高于1 600 mg/kg时(Si4和Si5处理),上述指标均显著高于CK。土壤无定形硅量随钢渣施用量的增加则表现出降低趋势,无定形硅量与有效硅量呈显著负相关关系。施入钢渣硅钙肥促进了水稻的生长发育,在2季水稻中,Si4和Si5处理秸秆+叶片干物质量较CK提高了11.9%~17.0%,籽粒干物质量较CK提高了9.52%~20.6%。