头骨形态指标鉴别水貂来源有效性的评估

人工驯养野生动物是获取野生动物产品的重要手段,但是非法盗猎的野生动物产品以人工饲养的名义进入市场,就会对野生动物的保护形成挑战。因此,准确鉴别市场上的动物产品是来自养殖场还是野外,是保护野外种群,维持养殖业正常秩序的关键。本研究以北美水貂(Neovison vison)为例,基于颧骨内侧空间(ZAS)、颧宽(ZAA和ZBA)、颅基长(BSL)、下颌长(MDL)、眶后收缩(POC)和最大面部宽度(GFB)等量度,建立了9个头骨形态计量学指标:POC/GFB、POC/BSL、POC/MDL、ZAS SQRT/BSL、ZA SSQRT/MDL、ZBA×BSL/2ZAS、ZBA×MDL/2ZAS、ZBB×BSL/2ZAS和ZBB×MDL/2ZAS。野生组(n=32,9雄23雌)和饲养组(n=45,35雄10雌)的比较表明,除POC/GFB外,所有指标对于在两组样品之间均有显著差异,整体判别正确率为73.2%—85.5%。在性别已知的情况下,雄性的整体正确率为82.4%—93.8%,雌性为41.7%—85.7%。为此,应针对不同性别、不同来源的动物建立相应的参考数据,利用似然比进行鉴别。本研究的结果不仅可用于北美水貂的鉴别,也为其他小型食肉动物的鉴别提供经验。     

一起假冒农药导致梨果重大经济损失的农业司法鉴定案例分析

分析了一起伪劣农药导致果农严重经济损失的司法鉴定案例,认定果农梨果减产与使用伪劣农药及原告的技术缺陷之间有因果关系,明确了相应的责任划分,用科学的方法估算了经济损失。     

Molecular genetic strategies for species identification

This paper probes into the molecular genetic mechanism of the formation of species, subspecies and variety in evolving progression, and brings forward 5 criteria of an ideal strategy in species identification: stating the specific characteristics at species, subspecies and variety level without any interference of too high polymorphism at individual or population level; keys should be distributed as 0 or 1, e. g. yes or no; satisfying repeatability and simple operation; high veracity and reliability; adaptability to widely various specimen. Respectively, this paper reviews two strategies focusing on detecting the fragment length polymorphism and base replacement and lays out some detail methods under above strategies. It demonstrates that it is not possible to solve all species problems by pursuing identification with only a single gene or DNA fragment. Only based on thorough consideration of all strategies, a method or combined several methods could bring satisfying reliability. For advanced focuses, it requires not only development and optimization of methods under above strategies, but also new originality of creative strategies.     

Can denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of amplified 16s rDNA of soil bacterial populations be used in forensic investigations?

In criminal investigations, information on the origin of soils may be crucial for solving cases. The biological complexity of soil may potentially be used for sorting and differentiating between soil samples. Nucleic-acid based analyses of soil microbial populations are powerful tools, routinely used in studies of this habitat. Application of such approaches in forensics implies that a standardized DNA extraction method has to be applied to all samples. In this study, several DNA extraction protocols were compared. An improvement on the method proposed by Tsai and Olson (1991) was found to be most suited to extract DNA from various soil types, including from small samples. A blind test on soils from a crime, an alibi scene and unrelated locations was conducted to evaluate the potential of environmental PCR and denaturating gradient gel electrophoresis for use in forensic science. In most cases, soil patterns clustered according to soil type and location.     

肢体六大关节功能丧失程度的法医学鉴定

目的利用人体六大关节和关节各功能的权重系数鉴定人肢体损伤程度．方法根据已知的六大关节的权重系数和合理给出的人体六大关节各功能的权重系数，通过计算测定出人肢体损伤程度．结果与结论利用人体六大关节和各关节功能的权重系数，较合理地解决了鉴定人肢体六大关节损伤程度问题，为伤残等级鉴定提供了量化标准．     

法庭物证不同附着物上土壤的取样方法及源指示研究

土壤由于其广泛性和易于附着性等特点,在法庭物证溯源比对方面发挥着一定作用。为明确不同附着物取样方法对土壤性质的影响以及附着物上土壤的源指示作用,本研究选择在城市–城郊进行路线模拟,采集不同路段、不同环境条件下的原土,并对每个采样点进行纤维类(手套)、金属类(铁锹)和橡胶类(鞋底)附着土壤模拟。对不同附着物分别采用了干刷和水洗/滴洗两种方法进行取样,使用便携式X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF)测定土壤样品。结果表明,取样方法对纤维类和橡胶类附着土壤样品的元素含量无显著影响,但干刷法操作更方便快捷;金属类附着土壤的滴洗法优于干刷法。依据土壤元素含量和主成分分析,纤维类和金属类附着的土壤可以与其来源具有较好匹配效果;由于鞋子(橡胶类)经过较长的路线后,鞋底附着的土壤反映经过路线的综合信息,其更多情况下鞋底样品与最后经过的土壤源更相近,主成分分析结合欧氏距离对鞋底土壤源指示起到一定作用。因此,纤维类、金属类和橡胶类附着物可为未知土壤样品来源推断提供依据,对于土壤源指示有一定帮助,但实际应用中需要采用多种分析方法结合环境信息进行综合判断。本次模拟试验可为不同附着物取样方法得到的土壤样品的比对和源指示提供...     

Potential applications of soil microbial ecology and next-generation sequencing in criminal investigations

The complex relationships between the changes in microbial community profiles and postmortem interval (PMI) estimates have recently been discussed in the forensic literature. Edaphic, necrobiomic microorganisms at the cadaver-soil interface construct multi-species communities that change in richness and activity when the host body dies and begins to decompose. Characterization of these dynamic changes has been made possible by current advances in high throughput, next-generation platforms. The effectiveness of these metagenomic technologies is that they pride the foundations of a framework for identification of grave sites and the determination of postmortem timelines, or “microbial clocks.” The proposed clocks may help substantiate the estimation of PMI. Studies have demonstrated the differences between soils collected at grave sites and control soils which may be useful in identifying clandestine grave sites. In this review is the discussion of the recent and formative findings involving sequencing applications of soil microbial communities relating the differences in taxon richness and abundance patterns as molecular tools with broad and important applications in forensics.     

分子标记技术在野生动物保护研究中的应用

中国野生动物资源丰富,然而野生动物的保护目前仍较多使用一些宏观保护策略和描述性研究手段,对其保护和评价的分子研究却相对落后。分子标记作为第四代遗传标记,自建立以来,以其多方面的优势在野生动物保护研究领域得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文介绍了限制性片段长度多态性、随机扩增多态性、扩增片段长度多态性和微卫星等分子标记的基本原理及其优缺点,综述了分子标记技术在野生动物种群遗传结构、亲缘关系和系统分类、遗传图谱构建和基因定位、物种鉴定和个体识别等方面的应用和研究概况,同时对应用前景进行了展望：分子标记技术在今后的野生动物保护研究中发挥的作用将会更加明显。     

哈尔滨市区表层土壤真菌地域差异及其法医学意义(Ⅰ)——真菌区系组成季节动态特征

采用稀释涂布平板法从哈尔滨4个市区(南岗、香坊、松北、道外)的不同土壤类型中共分离出51个真菌属,并对不同区域土壤真菌进行属水平分型。结果表明,哈尔滨市不同区域不同季节真菌属水平上存在明显差异。其中春季南岗区存在3个特有属、道外区5个、松北区3个;秋季南岗区特有菌属有9个、香坊区7个、道外区3个、松北区10个。随机采取不同区域土壤样品进行盲测分析,结果说明可以通过属水平地域差异开展土壤法医学分析。     

A genetic fingerprinting test for identifying carcasses of protected deer species in China

State governments in China have laid down laws for protecting rare and endangered species. This study develops a genetic test using ‘southern hybridization’ to identify carcases of Chinese water deer (Hydropotes inermis Swinhoe) to provide forensic evidence of poaching. The method uses pta₂ oligonucleotide probe, which is quite distinct from PCR amplification and sequencing of Cytb gene or ribosomal sequences. It could be extended to identify other species of protected deer.