龙须菜细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附性能研究

为研究龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)细胞壁多糖对硼的吸附作用机制及官能团之间的交互作用,本试验分别采用电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-OES)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)技术对其细胞壁多糖组分在吸附试验中进行硼的测定和表征。结果表明,细胞壁去琼胶后,硼吸附量减少50.13%,半纤维素去除后,硼吸附量减少21.20%,故可得纤维素吸附量占细胞壁总硼吸附量的28.67%。同时,通过细胞壁不同组分脱硼及硼胁迫后的红外光谱表征结果可知,龙须菜细胞壁及多糖在吸附硼的过程中,羟基、羧基、多糖碳链C-C为硼离子的主要结合位点,其中,琼胶、半纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为羟基、羧基,纤维素中起主要作用的官能团为多糖碳链C-C。本研究结果为进一步探究龙须菜多糖组分与硼的内在结合机制提供了基础依据。     

Effect of aging at different temperatures on LAOS properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough

The effects of aging from t = 0–108 h at two different temperatures (4 and 25 °C) on the non-linear viscoelastic rheological properties and secondary protein structure of hard wheat flour dough (HWD) were investigated using large amplitude oscillatory shear tests (LAOS) coupled with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and SDS-PAGE. Storage (G') and loss (G'') moduli rapidly decreased during aging at 25 °C. Subjecting HWD to progressively longer aging times at 25 °C caused dramatic changes in the non-linear viscoelastic properties demonstrated by strain softening (negative values of e₃/e₁) and shear thinning (negative values of v₃/v₁) behavior. Elastic Lissajous curves of the unaged control dough showed clockwise turn and wider elliptical trajectories as dough aging proceeds especially at higher temperatures. Other non-linear LAOS parameters (G'_M-G''_L, η'_M-η'_L, S and T) supported that aging process at higher temperature caused a progressive change in dough structure from strain stiffening to strain softening behavior while dough samples aged at 4 °C showed fairly close behavior with the control dough sample. FTIR spectra indicated that the relative content of β-sheet and β-turn structures decreased while the content of α-helix structure increased for all dough samples as a result of dough aging. SDS-PAGE results supported the breakdown of high molecular weight (HMW) and low molecular weight (LMW) glutenin subfractions. Aging at the higher temperature of 25 °C decreased the HMW/LMW ratio from 0.77 to 0.59, while the ratio was 0.73 for the dough aged at 4 °C which is fairly close to the control sample. Our results show that the degradation rate of gluten/starch network was triggered by aging at higher temperature, longer aging time, and natural fermentation which resulted in increasing acidity and increase in endogenous proteolytic and amylolytic activity, and also increasing gluten solubility and break down of intermolecular disulfide bonds at acid pH.     

Cross‐linked polyacrylates in post‐mining substrates: persistence and effects on plant growth

Application of hydrophilic polymers composed of cross‐linked polyacrylate can improve soil water‐holding capacity and accelerate the restoration of post‐mining substrates. In this work, we studied the persistence of a polyacrylate polymer incorporated into a soil and its impact on plant nutrients at a reclamation site of former lignite mining in Lusatia (Germany). In contrast to autumn application, the incorporation of the polymer enhanced the sequestration of plant‐derived carbon in the soil, which was reflected by a significant increase in the concentration of a lignin marker. Attenuated total reflexion–Fourier transform infrared spectra (ATR‐FTIR) and total elemental contents in the applied polymer suggested an intensive cation exchange between the polymer framework and the soil‐forming substrate. In addition, there was an enrichment of carbonaceous material, which seems to reduce the swelling and thus the water‐holding capacity of the cross‐linked polyacrylate. Conversely, this process protected the polymer structure from rapid decomposition.     

不同形态硼对油菜幼苗铝毒的缓解效应及其FTIR特征分析

采用水培法,以油菜品种Cao 221167为试验材料,设置无机态硼酸(BA)和有机态山梨醇硼(SB)及不同Al~(3+)(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1))处理,研究不同形态硼(B)对油菜幼苗铝(Al)毒的缓解作用及不同形态B之间的缓解效应差异,以及利用FTIR(傅里叶红外光谱)技术分析叶片各物质含量的变化。结果表明,Al毒胁迫下,不同形态B(BA和SB)处理,显著提高植株生物量和根系长度(0、100、200和500μmol L~(–1) Al毒胁迫下BA处理根长分别增加了52.15%、101.45%、366.70%和18.73%;SB处理分别增加了46.80%、133.98%、261.36%和10.77%),提高色素含量和SOD活性,而降低了Al含量、MDA含量和POD活性。不同形态B处理下,油菜幼苗在200μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下长势、生物量及色素含量最高。在500μmol L~(–1) Al~(3+)处理下,油菜幼苗株高、根长、总干鲜重及色素含量显著低于无Al处理;FTIR分析表明,Al毒胁迫下油菜叶片中蛋白质和低聚糖等含量明显上升,加硼明显降低了蛋白质和低聚糖的含量,且BA处理降低幅度明显高于SB处理。说明不同形态B(BA和SB)的添加均明显缓解Al毒,且BA对Al毒缓解效果优于SB,这为农业生产中施用何种硼肥来缓解Al毒起到一定的指导作用。     

I-214杨木光变色的规律及机理研究

以I-214杨木单板为试材、氙光作为辐射光源,考察I-214杨木单板在100h光照过程中试材表面材色的变化规律;依据红外光谱图的谱峰位置和谱峰相对吸收强度,分析和确定光变色过程中杨木木材的化学组分。结果表明:杨木木材受光辐射易发生变色,主要表现为明度指数L*降低,色度指数a*、b*上升;若以波数1510cm-1为基准,非共轭羰基C?O振动的吸收峰(1738cm-1)吸收强度显著增强;共轭羰基C?O伸缩振动的吸收峰(1650cm-1)有所增强;芳香环骨架C—C振动的吸收峰(1510cm-1)吸收强度明显减弱;C—O—H振动的吸收峰(1160～1052cm-1)吸收强度有所减弱。     

5种花梨木的红外光谱比较分析

为了提供识别花梨木品种的新思路和新方法,采用红外光谱分析方法,对越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀、印度紫檀、大果紫檀、鸟足紫檀5种花梨木的一维红外光谱(FTIR)、二阶导数光谱(SDIR)、二维相关红外光谱(2DIR)进行对比分析。结果表明:1)在FTIR谱图中,5种花梨木在781 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀和刺猬紫檀与其他3种花梨木区分开;2)在SDIR 谱图中,刺猬紫檀在1 179 cm-1处存在1个吸收峰;大果紫檀在781 cm-1处存在吸收峰;鸟足紫檀在1 351、1 299、1 147、1 131、938 cm-1处都有明显的吸收峰,而印度紫檀没有吸收峰;3)在2DIR谱图中,1 100、1 150、1 258 cm-1处的差异可以将刺猬紫檀与其他4种花梨木区分开,1 467、1 518 cm-1处的差异可以把越柬紫檀、刺猬紫檀与鸟足紫檀区分开来。单独使用2DIR识别方法并不能把5种花梨木完全区分,但将FTIR、SDIR、2DIR这3种方法结合可以实现5种花梨木的区分,也有助于红木树种的无损识别。      

利用红外光谱研究‘凤丹白’牡丹花瓣伸展过程中物质变化

为了明确花瓣的伸展机制,以‘凤丹白’牡丹(Paeonia ostii)为研究对象,借助傅里叶变换红外光谱(Fourier Transformation Infrared Spectroscopy,FTIR)及高斯多峰拟合,分析蕾期、初开期和盛开期花瓣的波谱特征及蛋白质二级结构的差异性。主要结果如下:随着花朵开放花瓣伸展,777、1 105、1 155、1 243、1 447、1 651、1 740、2 853和2 926 cm~(-1)处的振动峰振动依次增强,表明磷脂质、核酸、脂类和蛋白质等代谢物质随花瓣的伸展逐渐增强;且蕾期1 030 cm~(-1)处的振动峰在花开后移至1 060 cm~(-1),表明蕾期花瓣细胞壁多糖以甘露聚糖为主,花朵开放后则以阿拉伯糖为主。蛋白质中甲基基团含量(A2 951 cm~(-1)/A 2 858 cm~(-1))出现平稳下降的趋势,初开期比蕾期减少7.97%,盛开期减少13.38%;糖蛋白的变化(A 1 083 cm~(-1)/A 1 547 cm~(-1))也呈现下降趋势,推测‘凤丹白’牡丹是通过蛋白质糖基化作用调控花瓣的伸展过程。对氨基Ⅰ区域(1 600~1 700 cm~(-1))高斯多峰拟合数据显示,各阶段花瓣中均含有果胶相连的β–折叠、β–折叠、无规卷曲、α–螺旋及环与转角;α–螺旋、β–折叠及无规卷曲所占比例在花瓣伸展过程中呈现增长趋势,表明蕾期花瓣通过降低α–螺旋应对缺水造成的生理胁迫,并可以利用ATP合成花瓣生长发育所需的物质;花瓣通过形成更多功能域较多的蛋白质,有效调控花瓣伸展时复杂的生物化学过程。     

甜高粱茎秆残渣热裂解过程及其生物油成分分析

阐述了流化床反应器热裂解过程,以甜高粱茎秆残渣为生物质原料,在流化床反应器上进行了快速热裂解试验,并利用傅立叶变换红外光谱分析技术对产生的生物油化学成分进行了分析.结果表明:在500℃条件下的生物油产油率较高,为57%;生物油含有多种官能团和有机成分,主要有醇、酚、醚、酯及芳香烃类,是一种十分复杂的有机化合物的混合物.     

DME发动机非常规排放物的检测与分析

用气相色谱仪和傅立叶红外光谱仪对燃用DME的ZS195柴油机的排气中的甲醛(HCHO)、甲酸甲酯(CHCOOCH3)、甲酸(HCOOH)非常规排放物进行了检测和分析。结果表明,DME发动机的尾气排放中,均检测到HCHO,HCOOCH3,HCOOH排放物,且甲醛是非常规排放物中的主要成分,甲醛、甲酸甲酯的排放量随转速上升而略有上升,随负荷增加而不同程度的减少,而甲酸排放量变化则不甚明显。     

Lignin Characterization of Triploid Clones of Populus tomentosa Carr.

In order to understand the structural characteristics of lignin in triploid clones ofPopulus tomentosa and its changes in the processes of pulping and bleaching, milled wood lignin （MWL）, lignin carbohydrate complex （LCC） and the residual lignin from kraft pulp （KP） and sulfite pulp （SP） were isolated and analyzed by Fourier transform infrared （FTIR） spectrum and ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR）. The most diagnostic peaks were assigned and the differences were discussed. The spectral patterns reveal that triploid P tomentosa shows the specific features of hardwood from temperate areas, but in the spectrum of FTIR, the strength ratio orAl270 cm^-1 to A1226 cm^-1 is 0.88, higher than the average of hardwood from temperate areas, which will make the lignin delignification more difficult during pulping and bleaching. The LCC from triploid P tomentosa is mainly composed of xyloglucan and glucuronic acid, and other glucides have much lower ratio. In LCC FTIR, there are three peaks at 1 427, 1 329 and 1 046 cm^-1, indicating that both semi-cellulose and cellulose could exist in LCC, and that there might be relationships between cellulose and lignin. Compared with the residual lignin from KP and SP, the condensed structure in KP is more than that in SP.