Short-term effects of de-oiled olive pomace mulching application on a young super high-density olive orchard

A two-year field experiment was performed in order to evaluate the suitability of de-oiled olive pomace for soil management in a young super high-density olive orchard. In the literature there are not works on this topic.     

红星苹果的营养诊断

通过测定山东省三种土壤类型‘红星’苹果园耕层上和叶片的养分含量，运用ＤＲＩＳ、Ｍ—ＤＲＩＳ和ＤＯＰ法对山东省红星苹果的营养状况进行了诊断。结果表明，三种土类的耕层土和叶养分含量差异显著。棕壤土苹果叶内最缺的养分是钾，褐土最缺锰和钾，潮土最缺锰和氮。三种土类相比，潮土苹果叶内的元素最不平衡。本文还讨论了诊断结果与测试结果间的关系及三种诊断方法间的差异。     

PVC保鲜膜中DOP的迁移及膜性能变化规律研究

研究PVC保鲜膜中主增塑剂DOP在水相中的迁移规律,以及时间、温度对DOP迁移的影响,并考察DOP迁出后,对膜的机械性能和膜的透气透水性的影响。试验结果表明:温度和时间对PVC膜中DOP的迁移均有加速作用,且随着DOP的迁移,保鲜膜的拉伸强度及断裂伸长率均发生改变,同时膜的透气透水性都有不同程度的下降。     

陕西省红富士苹果叶片营养诊断研究

测定陕西省渭北不同地区优质示范园红富士果树叶片的养分含量,并运用DRIS、M-DRIS和DOP三种不同方法对果树的营养状况进行诊断.结果表明,陕西省各地区的叶片养分含量差异显著.延安市、铜川市和宝鸡市苹果叶片内最缺的养分是Cu,渭南市苹果叶片内最缺的是Ca,咸阳市苹果叶片内最缺的是Mn.五个地区相比,铜川地区苹果叶片内养分最不平衡.最后,给出了陕西省渭北各市示范园红富士果树各种养分需求顺序.     

Drying–rewetting cycles release phosphorus from forest soils

Drying–rewetting cycles (D/W) occur frequently in topsoils and may mobilize phosphorus (P). We investigated the effect of repeated D/W on the release of dissolved inorganic (DIP) and organic P (DOP) from forest floors and A horizons. Samples were taken from 3 European beech sites and from 3 Norway spruce sites. Soils were desiccated up to pF 6 (–100 MPa) in three D/W cycles in the laboratory, while the controls were kept permanently at 50% water holding capacity. After each drying, P was extracted from the soils in water. D/W caused the release of DIP and DOP especially from O layers. There was no general difference in response to D/W between samples from beech and spruce. The net release of DIP after D/W was largest from the Oe horizons (average 50–60 mg P kg^?1) for both beech and spruce forest soils. The net release of DIP from Oi layers was on average 7.8 mg P kg^?1 and from spruce Oa layers 21.1 mg P kg^?1. In the A horizons, net DIP release was similar in beech and spruce soils with 0.4 mg P kg^?1. The release of DOP was less than the release of DIP except for the A horizons. Repeated cycles did not increase the release of DIP and DOP. The release of DIP and DOP was positively correlated with the microbial biomass in Oe and Oa layers but not in Oi layers. Our results suggest that D/W may significantly influence the short term availability of dissolved P in both beech and spruce forest soils.     

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯对大黄鱼受精卵及仔鱼的急性毒性效应

邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(dibutyl phthalate,DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(dinoctyl phthalate,DOP)是一类重要的工业用有机化合物,在水环境中广泛分布,对水生生物具有一定的毒性效应。为了研究DBP和DOP对大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)受精卵及初孵仔鱼的急性毒性效应,开展大黄鱼幼鱼在DBP和DOP中的暴露实验。结果显示,随着DBP和DOP浓度的升高,大黄鱼受精卵孵化率呈现逐步降低的趋势,死亡率、畸形率则呈现逐步升高的趋势。DBP和DOP暴露对大黄鱼初孵仔鱼均产生一定的致死效应,DBP和DOP对大黄鱼仔鱼的96 h半致死浓度分别为5.23 mg·L^-1 和6.57 mg·L^-1 。结果表明,DBP和DOP对大黄鱼鱼卵及初孵仔鱼均具有高毒毒性。DBP和DOP对水生生物的慢性毒性需要进一步关注。     

渗育性水稻土渗滤液中的磷组分研究

本试验在太湖地区长江岸边砂质渗育性(漏水型)水稻土上进行,研究在麦稻轮作条件下连续两年施用不同磷肥(每季P 0、30、70、150和300 kg hm-2),稻季各层次土壤溶液中(30、60和90 cm)磷的组分,以探讨磷素在剖面中垂直纵向移动的规律。结果表明:施肥处理在施肥初期提高了30 cm处土壤溶液中溶解磷浓度,对60 cm处溶解磷浓度影响不大,对90 cm处溶解磷浓度没有影响。各处理60 cm和90 cm处土壤溶液中溶解磷的浓度几乎全部超过水体富营养化磷的阈值,故在研究该地区水体富营养化时,要注意渗漏磷排放可能的贡献。特别应指出的是,除6月13日对照处理外,各处理90 cm处土壤溶液中的磷均以溶解有机磷为主,占总溶解磷的56%~100%,表明有机磷(外源加入或内源残留的)比无机磷对环境的潜在威胁将更大。     

太湖地区渗育性水稻土径流中磷组分的研究

本试验于 2 0 0 2年在太湖地区渗育性水稻土上进行 ,研究不同施磷水平下 (P 0、30、70、15 0和30 0kghm-2 )麦稻轮作中土壤径流磷的损失。研究结果表明 :在麦稻轮作期间 ,除最高施磷处理P 30 0kghm-2的径流磷损失达到P 0 75kghm-2 外 ,其余各施肥处理与对照无显著差异。虽然径流损失的磷最多也不足施磷量的 0 1% ;但径流中溶解磷浓度均已超过水体富营养化磷浓度的阈值 ( 0 0 2mgL-1) ,故农田径流携带的磷长期进入水体也会加重水体富营养化。径流携带的磷以产生第一次径流时为最多 ;径流磷中以颗粒磷为主占总磷的 6 0 %以上 ;溶解磷则在 4 0 %以下 ,而溶解磷中以有机磷为主 ,除P 30 0kghm-2 处理外 ,其余处理的径流中溶解有机磷占总溶解磷的 5 2 0 %～ 76 2 %之间。因此 ,仅测定溶解的无机磷作为溶解磷组分 ,必将低估径流溶解磷的数量及其贡献 ;施肥未增加当季径流中溶解有机磷的浓度     

Influence of different vigour cherry rootstocks on leaves and shoots mineral composition

In this study, the field performance of Adara, CAB 6P, Gisela 5, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Saint Lucie GF 405 (SL 405), and Tabel-Edabriz rootstocks, grafted with two sweet cherry cultivars (‘Stark Hardy Giant’ and ‘Van’, Prunus avium L.), were compared after 7 years of planting on a calcareous clay-loam soil. The leaf and shoot mineral elements analysed were N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. In the case of both cultivars, tree vigour and cumulative yield were highest on Adara, whereas yield efficiency was greater on Gisela 5. All rootstocks induced low leaf Fe concentrations, although visual chlorosis symptoms were not observed. In both cultivars, significant positive correlations between Mn shoot and leaf concentration were found. Significant positive correlations were also found between yield efficiency and shoot mineral concentration, with the exception of Mg and Zn, which showed no correlation, and K with negative correlation. In ‘Van’ cultivar, Adara rootstock followed by CAP 6P and Gisela 5 showed the most balanced nutritional values. On the other hand, SL 64 had leaf mineral element concentrations below the optimum, probably due to the bad adaptation to heavy soil conditions.     

DOP对鲤鱼的遗传毒性及肝脏抗氧化系统的影响

[目的]研究邻苯二甲酸二辛酯(DOP)对鲤鱼的遗传毒性及抗氧化性能的影响,为评价DOP的生物学毒性及水环境生态风险提供理论依据。[方法]应用吉姆萨染色和试剂盒方法,研究0.3、1.5、7.5 mg/L的DOP 24 h暴露对鲤鱼红细胞核异常率和肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化物酶(POD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。[结果]在DOP试验浓度范围内,红细胞微核率、核异常率和总核异常率均随着DOP浓度的升高而升高,且微核率在7.5 mg/L DOP组极显著高于对照组。SOD活性则表现为低促高抑。0.3 mg/L DOP组POD活性显著高于对照组,而1.5 mg/L DOP、7.5 mg/L DOP组POD活性无明显变化。MDA含量随着DOP浓度的升高而升高,且各浓度DOP组MDA含量均显著高于对照组。[结论]一定浓度的DOP对鱼类具有遗传毒性,并能损伤抗氧化防御系统。