不同施肥方式对农业径流中污染物的影响

本研究选取一杨梅种植基地进行不同施肥方式对农业径流中污染物影响的研究,通过对径流小区的径流进行监测,分析优化施肥模式和常规施肥模式下,径流水中氮、磷的变化趋势,结果显示,优化施肥通过使用控释肥,有效控制氮素释放速率,优化施肥模式下径流中氨氮和硝态氮浓度远低于原有施肥模式,径流中氨氮浓度降低17.4%-90.2%,硝态氮浓度可以降低17.8%-47.8%。改变施肥模式可以有效控制径流中总氮浓度。优化施肥模式对减少总磷径流流失具有积极的作用,但效果不明显,降雨强度、降雨时间是决定总磷流失的关键因素。     

油茶林不同水保措施径流及产沙特征研究

通过5年的径流小区的野外定位观测,研究了油茶林不同水保措施的产流产沙特征。研究表明:产流降雨峰值和谷值出现的时间与自然降雨出现的时间基本一致,表明降雨的季节动态是产流降雨动态变化的主要驱动力;前埂后沟模式有最小的产流产少量和径流系数,其次为内斜式模式,正常小平台则最大;不同水保措施采用梯壁植草措施均能有效减少产流产沙量。前埂后沟和梯壁植草的水保措施适宜在红壤侵蚀区油植种植过程中推广。     

旱平地新建梨园微型集水保水系统试验研究报告

通过在旱平地新建梨地间修筑屋脊式双面产流坡，并用专用地膜覆盖坡面，使天然降水通过膜面径流至植树带，产流率由１９９５年５９．６％提高到１９９６年的７７．４％。１９９５年５月－２６日－８月３１日共发生有效降水３０２．８ｍｍ，集水区实得总水量８４４．２ｍｍ，比对照区自然降水增加５４１．４ｍｍ，计纯增１．７９倍；１９９６年５月２３日－１０月２３日共发生有效降水５４９．６ｍｍ，集水区实得水量１８２５．１ｍｍ     

簸箕李引黄灌区扩大泥沙环境容量的水沙调度措施

簸箕李引黄灌区采用集中沉沙、以挖待沉的处理泥沙方式。经过近 40年运行 ,渠首两侧泥沙大量堆积 ,环境泥沙容量急剧变小 ,清淤弃沙渐趋困难 ,严重影响灌区总体工程效益的发挥。而下游干支渠道两侧几乎无清淤泥沙堆积。通过分析泥沙分布状况 ,找出泥沙在渠道中淤积的推进方式 ,提出在不改造工程的前提下扩大灌区泥沙环境容量的对策 ,即渠首减淤水沙调度     

Sediment Load in Runoff Under Laboratory and Field Simulated Rainfall

Soil erosion is one of the most important problems in the Loess Plateau of China affecting sustainable agriculture. Near Luoyang (Henan Province, China), field plots were constructed to measure soil erosion rates under conventional tillage practices using field-simulated rainfall.Field rainfall experiments were carried out to compare previous results from laboratory rainfall simulations on the same soil for interrill conditions. Although in the laboratory experiments, a strong correlation was found betweenthe stream power of the runoff water and the unit sediment load, this sediment transport equation overestimated the field rainfall simulation results. Another sediment transport equation derived by Nearing et al. for rill erosion was in better agreement with the results of the field experiments, although it also overestimated these values. The measured sediment load values during the field rainfall simulations were also lower than those found during field experiments on the same soil but with a loosened surface layer. This difference indicates the importance of soil physical condition of surfce like soil structure and aggregate size, which may contribute to the discrepancy between the field and laboratory experiment results.     

研究森林变化对河川水沙影响的一种便捷方法──以四川省都江堰市白沙河为例

依据航片判读、森林资源调查资料和水文数据，利用流域自身对比法，得出森林变化对河川径流泥沙的定量关系。文中还阐明本方法的技术关键——消除降雨量不同对水沙的影响．该方法具有适合我国国情、费小效宏、精度较高、简捷易行等优点，值得推广提倡。     

天然沙棘林减水减沙效益试验研究

利用人工降雨机在天然沙棘林内进行百年一遇短历时降雨试验,测得荒坡径流、侵蚀量分别为39 300m~3/km~3和865t/km~2,而郁闭度0.7的沙棘林径流侵蚀量分别比荒坡减少88.67％和99.03％。郁闭度越大,减水减沙效益越显著。当郁闭度>0.5时减水减沙效益迅速提高。在沙棘林减水减沙效益中,林地枯落物层和根系层占主导地位,林冠层的作用相对较小。