Influence of soil factors on the soil enzyme inhibition by Cd

A comparative study was conducted on the toxicity of Cd to alkaline phosphatase activity (ALP) and dehydrogenase activity (DHA) in 18 top soils with contrasting soil properties representative of 14 major soil types in China. Soil pH and carbonate content, soil organic matter, and cation exchange capacity (CEC) largely affected the Cd toxicity on two enzyme activities; with the soil pH having only minor effect on the median ecological dose values based on total Cd concentrations (ED_{50 T}). The values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} (based on water-soluble Cd content) of alkaline phosphatase and dehydrogenase were strongly influenced by pH and CEC contents, which explained up to 71% of the variation for alkaline phosphatase, 82% of the variation for dehydrogenase, and also were significantly correlated with the parameter K_F derived from Freundlich adsorption isotherms. This study suggests that the values of ED_{50 T}/ED_{50 W} could be useful to evaluate the buffer capacity of soils which protects soil enzymes from harmful effects of heavy metal.     

5-氟尿嘧啶与镉单一及复合污染对三种作物种子萌发的影响

采用急性毒性试验方法,研究了典型抗癌药5-氟尿嘧啶和重金属Cd单一及复合污染对小麦、白菜和水稻种子发芽、根伸长及芽伸长的影响。结果表明:单一5-氟尿嘧啶或Cd的浓度与3种作物根伸长和芽伸长抑制率显著相关(P0.05);相对于芽伸长抑制率,根伸长抑制率是更敏感指标;5-氟尿嘧啶对小麦、白菜和水稻种子的根伸长半数抑制浓度(IC50)分别为212.80、102.53、13.30 mg·L-1,Cd对3种作物种子根伸长IC50分别为118.27、23.32、22.21 mg·L-1,3种作物对于两种污染物胁迫的敏感性依次为水稻白菜小麦。通过联合毒性试验发现,5-氟尿嘧啶和Cd不同比例浓度复合处理下根伸长的复合抑制率小于各组分单独作用的相加抑制率,对3种作物种子的复合毒性表现为拮抗作用。     

Terrestrial Ecotoxicity of Eight Chemicals in a Systematic Approach (7 pp)

Background and Objective   Terrestrial ecotoxicity data are required for many research purposes. The data are derived either from the literature or elaborated by own investigations. As the terrestrial toxicity tests are usually time-consuming and labour intensive, the experiments are performed with a limited number of test organisms and soils. In the context of a project sponsored by CEFIC-LRI (European Chemical Industry Council – Long-Range Research Initiative), EC50-values were systematically elaborated for eight chemicals with a wide range of logKow-values (CdCl2, Trinitrotoluene, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4-dichlorophenol, Tributyltinchloride, Pentachlorophenol, Benzo(a)pyrene, p,p-dichloro-2,2-diphenyl-1,1,1-trichloroethane). The substances were selected covering a broad range of physico-chemical and ecotoxicological properties. As toxicity endpoints, microbial activities, plant germination and growth as well as reproduction of earthworms and collembola were determined. As such systematic investigations are rarely performed and for some substances no data existed, the data pool is made available to the scientific community.Methods   All toxicity tests were conducted on three different soil types (sandy soil, silty soil, loamy soil), according to ISO and OECD guidelines Results, Discussion, Conclusion and Outlook   The different toxicities of the chemicals, the influence of soil properties on bioavailability as well as different sensitivities of test organisms and test parameters are reflected by the EC50-values. The results showed that the EC50-values calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations can significantly vary from EC50-values derived from analytical concentrations for some substances. To avoid false conclusions, this has to be considered especially when concentrations determined in the field are compared with toxicity data obtained from the literature or calculated on the basis of nominal concentrations. Moreover, the results indicate that terrestrial ecotoxicological tests should be accompanied by chemical analyses, to be sure to derive sound EC50-values. As the tests were performed according to international guidelines, the comprehensive data pool relevant for the terrestrial ecotoxicity of eight chemicals is considered to be of great value for further research and discussions dealing with the habitat function of soils.     

煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子及幼苗的生态毒性研究

以山西省农业科学院提供的小麦品种长麦6135为研究对象,采用室内培养方法和柱状淋溶装置,模拟大气降水,用5个不同浓度的煤矸石淋滤液处理小麦种子,分析其对小麦发芽势、发芽率、叶绿素含量和抗氧化酶活力等的影响。结果表明：煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子的发芽有一定抑制作用,浓度越高,抑制作用越显著,煤矸石淋滤液浓度为720．8 mg／L 时小麦发芽势和发芽率均最低,分别为65．6％、69．0％。煤矸石淋滤液浓度为324．5～720．8 mg／L 时,小麦芽长与苗高均显著低于对照组,当浓度为451．5～720．8 mg／L 时,小麦苗质量显著低于对照组;叶绿素含量与煤矸石淋滤液浓度呈线性负相关。不同煤矸石淋滤液浓度的小麦幼苗 POD 活性差异性显著,而 SOD 和CAT 活性差异性极显著;不同部位的 POD 和 SOD 活性差异极显著;不同时间 POD 和 CAT 活性差异极显著。因此,煤矸石淋滤液对小麦种子发芽和幼苗生长具有一定的生态毒性。     

纳米材料的生态毒性及其研究方法

纳米材料作为一种新兴污染物质已经越来越受到人们广泛的关注。通过归纳总结国内外纳米材料生态毒性的研究现状及其研究方法,发现国内外对纳米材料的生态毒性研究主要集中在纳米材料的粒子特性及其所处的环境特征上,而对于受试物种生态特性和纳米材料的毒性之间的联系研究较少。通过总结分析,提出今后对纳米材料的生态毒性研究,除了关注纳米材料特性及其所处的环境特征外,还需考虑物种的生态特性,将3方面综合考虑才能更好地跨物种研究纳米材料的生态毒性。     

森林土壤表层土的生态毒性评估

A series of 9 soil samples were taken at a timber treatment site in SW France where Cu sulphate and chromated copper arsenate (CCA) have been used as wood preservatives (Sites P1 to P9) and one soil sample was collected at an adjacent site on the same soil type (Site P10). Copper was a major contaminant in all topsoils, varying from 65 (Soil P5) to 2600 mg Cu kg^-1 (Soil P7), exceeding background values for French sandy soils. As and Cr did not accumulate in soil, except at Site P8 (52 mg As kg^-1 and 87 mg Cr kg^-1) where CCA-treated posts were stacked. Soil ecotoxicity was assessed with bioassays using radish, lettuce, slug Arion rufus L., and earthworm Dendrobaena octaedra (Savigny). There were significantly differences in lettuce germination rate, lettuce leaf yield, radish root and leaf yields, slug herbivory, and earthworm avoidance. An additional bioassay showed higher negative impacts on bean shoot and root yields, Rhizobium nodule counts on Bean roots, and guaiacol peroxidase activity in primary Bean leaves for soil from Site P7, with and without fertilisation, than for soil from Site P10, despite both soils having a similar value for computed free ion Cu²⁺ activity in the soil solution (pCu²⁺). Beans grown in soil from Site P7 that had been fertilised showed elevated foliar Cu content and phytotoxic symptoms. Soils from Sites P7 (treatment plant) and P6 (storage of treated utility poles) had the highest ecotoxicity, whereas soil from Site P10 (high organic matter content and cation exchange capacity) had the lowest. Except at Site P10, the soil factor pCu²⁺ computed with soil pH and total soil Cu could be used to predict soil ecotoxicity.     

苯嗪草酮对2种淡水水生植物的生长抑制影响

为评价苯嗪草酮施用后的水生生态安全性,研究苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻的生长抑制影响及其毒性效应。用不同质量浓度的苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻进行暴露处理,以叶状体数和鲜重,植株长度和鲜重为分析指标,分别在第7天和第14天进行观察测定。结果表明：7天小浮萍E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的叶状体数为0.519、0.322 mg/L,鲜重分别为0.518、0.328 mg/L;14天穗状狐尾藻E_rC₅₀和E_yC₅₀的植株长度为6.240、4.248 mg/L,鲜重分别为4.092、2.616 mg/L。苯嗪草酮对小浮萍和穗状狐尾藻具有一定的毒性,抑制其生长。在一定的剂量范围内,抑制率随浓度的增加而增大。但是,苯嗪草酮对两者的毒性作用表现出明显的分类学效应。     

不同光照条件下铽对辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)生态毒理效应的影响

采用急性毒性的方法研究不同光照条件下重稀土铽（Tb）对辣根的生态毒理效应。结果表明，不同光照（除光照强度为12.0klx外）下，Tb（Ⅲ）对辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）的影响趋势大致相同。即低浓度的Tb（Ⅲ）（〈3mg·kg^-1）略微刺激HRP酶活升高（P〉0.05），高浓度时明显表现出抑制作用（P〈0.05）。但相同浓度的Tb（Ⅲ）对HRP的影响幅度不尽一致，Tb（Ⅲ）=300mg·kg^-1时，1.5、3.0、5.0、8.0、12.0klx处理的酶活分别为各光照条件下对照（CK）酶活的78.0%、59.3%、58.5%、52.9%、41.9%。说明强光下，酶活变化幅度较大。根据实验结果运用机率单位法数据处理，比较24h-EC50的大小顺序依次为12.0klx（84.2mg·kg^-1）〉8.0klx（337.2mg·kg^-1）〉5.0klx（349.6mg·kg^-1）〉3.0klx（809.2mg·kg^-1）〉1.5klx（1185.9mg·kg^-1）。表明与弱光相比，强光处理下的Tb（Ⅲ）对HRP毒性大。     

Comparisons of terrestrial and aquatic bioassays for oil-contaminated soil toxicity

Background  Petroleum products are widely used in various sections of industry and they are one of the most abundant sources of environmental contamination. These products are classified by their physico-chemical properties such as boiling point, density and viscosity. Oil contamination in the environment is primarily evaluated by measuring the chemical concentrations of petroleum products in the solid or water phase. The results of chemical analyses do not correspond directly with the harmful environmental effects of petroleum products on the soil flora and fauna, because the interactions between oil compounds and the production of their methabolites in soil are not measured in chemical assessments. These kinds of effects of complex chemical mixtures in soil can be estimated by bioassays. Therefore, ecotoxicological tests are important for estimating soil quality in the risk assessment of oil-contaminated soil sites. Objectives  The objective of this study was to examine the oil-contaminated soil site of a closed petrol station with both chemical and ecotoxicological methods. The goals of this study were to compare the sensitivity of the terrestrial and aquatic bioassays and to compare the toxicity responses of aquatic bioassays determined from three different extraction procedures. In addition, our aim was to characterise a cost-effective battery of bioassays that could be applied to a comparison of oil-contaminated soils. It was in our interest to investigate oil-contaminated soil with oil concentrations of 2500–12000 mg/kg and to find out the possible differences between terrestrial and aquatic toxicity tests. Methods  Six soil samples from a closed petrol station were examined for toxicity with terrestrial and aquatic tests. Terrestrial tests includedEnchytraeus albidus survival and reproduction assays and seed germination assays using wheat, cress, lettuce, and red clover seeds and growth inhibition assays of onions. The toxicities of the water-extractable fractions of the soil samples obtained from three different extractions were tested with aquatic bioassays based on plants (onion and duckweed growth inhibition tests), microbes (luminescent bacteria test), and enzyme inhibition (reverse electron transport test, RET). Chemical analyses of the solid samples were carried out simultaneously. Results. Oil concentrations ranged from 2500 to 12000 mg/kg, BTEX varied from 300 to 2800 mg/kg, and fuel additives: MTBE and TAME from 0.0 1 to 260 mg/kg. Only the sample contain-ing 12000 mg/kg oil had a significant toxic impact on all test organisms. Soil samples with oil concentrations 2500–6200 mg/ kg had no or only slight adverse effects on the test organisms with one exception, theE. albidus reproduction test. TheE. albidus survival and reproduction tests were the most sensitive bioassays of the terrestrial tests, and the luminescent bacteria test of the aquatic tests.     

Experiences with Novel Approaches in Earthworm Testing Alternatives (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background   The earthworm avoidance test is a sensitive screening test. Currently, two test designs, a two-chamber system and a six-chamber system, are under standardization. In the scope of the present study, the two test systems are compared. To assess the results, two procedures are applied, which are based on a threshold value and a statistical method. Moreover, the sensitivity of the avoidance test is compared with the sensitivity of the reproduction test. Methods   The avoidance behaviour of E. fetida towards five chemicals (Cd, Cu, PCP, TBT, TNT) was tested in a sandy and a loamy soil. The ecotoxicological test was performed according to the draft guideline ISO/DIS 17512-1. The results were compared with the number of offspring determined in the reproduction test carried out according to ISO 11268-2. Results and Discussion   The results demonstrate that the avoidance behaviour towards organic chemicals and heavy metals is a suitable screening method showing first tendencies of a chemical's effects on the habitat function of soils. Effects caused by chemical substances become visible at low concentrations and within short test periods. The sensitivity of the reproduction test and the avoidance test is principally comparable; in some cases, the avoidance test showed more sensitive reactions. The dose-response-relationships were more pronounced in the two-chamber test than in the six-chamber-system. Recommendation and Outlook   The two-chamber-system proved to be more feasible than the six-chamber-system. As the sensitivity of the avoidance test and the reproduction test is comparable, the avoidance test can be considered as a suitable screening test as well. A possible field of application may be the selection of soil samples for which the reproduction assay seems necessary. To assess contaminated or remediated soils, the earthworm reproduction test is recommended as an indicator for the habitat function of the soils. To reduce costs, the labour intensive reproduction test could be largely replaced by the avoidance test in performing the earth-worm reproduction test only for relevant samples. Before the Draft International Standard of the guideline will be adopted as an ISO Guideline, there will be sufficient time left to gain further international experience required to finalize the method.