荔枝生产相关的水分生理指标远程监测研究

利用植物远程监测系统对荔枝园中的大气温湿度、土壤湿度、光照强度、大气蒸汽压差(VPD)等环境因子和茎干直径微变化、果实生长、叶片温度等树体生理指标进行了监测,发现该系统能准确及时并无伤害地记录他们的实时和周期性变化。据获得的数据初步表明,当果实处于快速膨大期,主茎的加粗生长明显缓慢,一旦果实采收后,茎干加粗生长则有一个迅速上升的变化;当土壤湿度高于33%(v/v)时,主茎的生长受到明显的抑制;VPD白天上升,夜间下降,当夜间VPD始终高于0,就形成所谓的“夜间干燥”,VPD的这种变化对荔枝主茎和果实的生长以及叶气温差(LATD)都有较大的影响,如主茎和果实的日间收缩量随VPD的增大而增大,夜间空气干燥不但抑制了主茎生长,也使日最大LATD下降。据此认为,果实和茎干的生长之间存在竞争关系,土壤湿度过高或者夜间空气干燥对荔枝的生长不利。     

Spatial pattern analysis of pre- and post-hurricane forest canopy structure in North Carolina,USA

Existing spatial patterns of a forest are in part a product of its disturbance history. Using laser altimetry and field measures of canopy top height to represent pre- and post-hurricane canopy topography, respectively, we measured changes in spatial patterns of stand structure of a United States southern mixed coniferous-deciduous for est. Autocorrelative and fractal properties were measured in this opportunistic study to quantify changes in canopy architecture along twelve, 190-250 m transects that were subjected to moderate to high levels of wind disturbance. Prior to the hurricane, canopy heights were autocorrelated at scales <40 m with an average fractal dimension of 1.71. After the disturbance, autocorrelation disappeared; the average fractal dimension rose to 1.94. This shift towards spatial randomness illustrates part of the cyclical nature of ecosystem development. It shows how a catastrophic collapse of biomass accumulation corresponds to a decrease in ecosystem organization across a landscape. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

应用MODIS-NDVI对草原植被变化监测研究--以锡林郭勒盟为例

利用新一代卫星遥感数据MODIS,进行草原植被专题信息的提取,同时结合地面调查数据,分析2002、2003年5月30日归一化植被指数(NDVI),并根据其分级图,对天然草原植被长势的时间和空间变化特征和变化规律进行研究,从而对引起草原植被发生变化的可能原因,特别是由于禁牧、休牧的影响进行分析评价.     

The value of vegetation cover for ecosystem services in the suburban context

Latin-American cities can be characterized by dynamic processes of urbanization that encroach upon the natural and semi-natural surrounding landscapes. Our study presents the effects of landscape development, transformed from semi-natural conditions into a mostly disperse suburban settlement. We explore the impact that this transformation has had on this context by three ecosystem services that regulate rainwater runoff, enhance microclimate conditions and help to improve air quality by monitoring vegetation cover. We have designed a spatio-temporal hierarchical analysis which employs remote sensing techniques to capture the structural changes of this landscape over long, medium and short term scales on two spatial levels. This methodological approach was tested in the Metropolitan Area of Santiago (MAS) as case study area. Despite of the increase in impervious surfaces due to urban processes, there has also been an increase in vegetation cover, which has led to an improvement in the provision of the above-mentioned ecosystem services. Hence, if diverse urbanization processes continue and they are coupled with an increase in vegetation cover, the provision of ecosystem services could also expand. This phenomenon can be observed in some areas, where public and private green spaces are created and maintained. Our data analyses give evidence that certain types of suburban areas which increase the share of vegetation cover can provide daily ecological benefits for urban neighborhoods, and beyond, for adjacent areas. Moreover, suburban development can successfully provide ecological benefits to citizens. Such processes can only be ecologically sustainable if the composition of vegetation is well-adapted to the regional climatic conditions.     

Developing the framework for a risk map for mite vectored viruses in wheat resulting from pre-harvest hail damage

There is a strong economic incentive to reduce mite-vectored virus outbreaks. Most outbreaks in the central High Plains of the United States occur in the presence of volunteer wheat that emerges before harvest as a result of hail storms. This study provides a conceptual framework for developing a risk map for wheat diseases caused by mite-vectored viruses based on pre-harvest hail events. Traditional methods that use NDVI were found to be unsuitable due to low chlorophyll content in wheat at harvest. Site-level hyperspectral reflectance from mechanically hailed wheat showed increased canopy albedo. Therefore, any increase in NIR combined with large increases in red reflectance near harvest can be used to assign some level of risk. The regional model presented in this study utilized Landsat TM/ETM+ data and MODIS imagery to help gap-fill missing data. NOAA hail maps that estimate hail size were used to refine the area most likely at risk. The date range for each year was shifted to account for annual variations in crop phenology based on USDA Agriculture statistics for percent harvest of wheat. Between 2003 and 2013, there was a moderate trend (R² = 0.72) between the county-level insurance claims for Cheyenne County, Nebraska and the area determined to be at risk by the model (excluding the NOAA hail size product due to limited availability) when years with low hail claims (<400 ha) were excluded. These results demonstrate the potential of an operational risk map for mite-vectored viruses due to pre-season hail events.     

基于遥感的干旱监测方法研究

在全球变暖的气候背景下,近年来干旱频发且不断加剧,对人类的生产生活造成了严重的影响。目前,干旱监测已成为全球气候变化研究的一个热点课题。遥感技术以其客观、及时、经济、覆盖范围广、数据连续等优点,已被证明是干旱监测中最具前景的技术手段。本文基于遥感原理,介绍了归一化植被指数、温度状态指数、标准化降雨指数和标准化降雨蒸散指数等几种常见的干旱指数,综述了运用不同指数干旱监测的主要应用。最后针对目前研究中存在的问题,对今后研究的主要方向作出了展望。     

浙江庆元香菇文化系统景观特征及演变

浙江省庆元县是世界人工栽培香菇的发源地, 2014年庆元香菇文化系统入选中国重要农业文化遗产。农业遗产景观是农业文化遗产在现代生活中最直观的表现,研究遗产地的景观特征和演变状况,有助于深入理解区域景观的状况及影响因素,实现遗产的有效保护和发展。本文运用Landsat 1991年、2001年、2010年和2018年的卫星影像结合实地调研,研究庆元香菇文化系统遗产地的景观现状、特征及结构,分析1991—2018年各景观类型演变规律及可能驱动要素。结果表明:1)遗产地景观类型主要包括森林、耕地、居民地和水体4类,其中森林面积达到1 643.23km~2(86.61%),是优势景观类型。2)区内山高、林密、溪流和菌菇资源丰富,形成了"河流-村落-梯田-森林"的垂直景观结构,并拥有西洋殿、菇寮等独特的香菇文化景观,人类与自然环境和谐共生。3)1991—2018年,遗产地森林面积增加139.28km~2(7.34%),耕地面积减少154.53km~2(8.15%),居民地面积增加11.86km~2(0.63%),水体面积增加3.48km~2(0.18%)。4)景观变化与相关政策密切相关, 20世纪后半期,遗产地森林砍伐严重,森林覆盖率由79.27%降低到77.97%; 21世纪以来,封山育林和生态林业建设使森林覆盖率从77.97%上升至86.61%,退耕还林和城镇化政策则分别促使了耕地面积减少和居民地面积的微弱扩张。总之,浙江庆元香菇文化系统遗产地景观结构独特,得益于当地居民林-菇共育的传统理念、香菇栽培技术的进步和当地森林保护等政策的施行,遗产地森林面积经历轻微的下降后又迅速增加,为遗产保护和传承提供了保障。     

The use of remote sensing to detect the consequences of erosion in gypsiferous soils

Tillage practices on sloping ground often result in unsustainable soil losses impairing soil functions such as crop productivity, water and nutrients storage, and soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. A sloping olive grove (10%) was planted in shallow gypsiferous soils in 2004. It was managed by minimum tillage; the most frequent management practice in central Spain. The consequences of erosion were studied in soil samples (at 0–10, 10–20, and 20–30 cm depths) by analyzing SOC, available water and gypsum content, and by detecting spectral signatures using an ASD FieldSpecPro® VIS/NIR-spectroradiometer. The Brightness index (BI), Shape index (FI), and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) were derived from the ASD spectral signatures and from remote sensing (Sentinel-2 image) data. The development of these young olive trees was estimated from the measured diameter of the trunks (17 ± 18 cm diameter). In 20–30 cm of the soil, the carbon stock (38 ± 18 Mg ha⁻¹) as well as the available water content (12 ± 6%) was scarce, affecting the productivity of the olive grove. The above-mentioned indices obtained from the laboratory samples and the pixels of the Sentinel-2 image were significantly (p < 0.01) correlated, with a correlation coefficient of around 0.4. The BI was related to the gypsum content and the slope of the plot. The FI was related to the carbon and water contents. The NDVI derived from the satellite image identified the influence of soil degradation on the trees and the carbon content. The spatial-temporal changes of the indices might help in tracking soil changes over time.