精准保护技术减少NO_3-N淋溶潜力的评估

研究目的是评估使用GIS、GPS、计算机模拟和遥感等技术降低中心旋转灌溉制下土壤NO3-N淋溶量的效果。试验发现采用精准农艺技术的生产区土壤NO3-N残留量和潜在淋溶量与其它区不同。这种差异与土壤质地呈负相关(P(0.0001),在低产沙壤区土壤残留NO3-N较低,潜在NO3-N淋溶率较高。可见,遥感等精准保护技术是一种具有降低NO3-N淋溶量提高N的使用效率潜能的管理工具。     

Assessment of nitrogen losses to the environment with a Nitrogen Trading Tool (NTT)

Nitrogen (N) losses from agriculture often contribute to reduced air, groundwater, and surface water quality. The minimization of these N losses is desirable from an environmental standpoint, and a recent interest in discounted reductions of agricultural N losses that might apply to a project downstream from an agricultural area has resulted in the concept of N credits and associated N trading. To help quantify management-induced reductions in N losses at the farm field level (essential components of a Nitrogen Trading Tool), we defined a Nitrogen Trading Tool difference in reactive N losses (NTT-DNL_reac) as the comparison between a baseline and new management scenarios. We used a newly released Windows XP version of the Nitrogen Losses and Environmental Assessment Package (NLEAP) simulation model with Geographic Information System (GIS) capabilities (NLEAP-GIS) to assess no-till systems from a humid North Atlantic US site, manure management from a Midwestern US site, and irrigated cropland from an arid Western US site. The new NTT-DNL_reac can be used to identify the best scenario that shows the greatest potential to maximize field-level savings in reactive N for environmental conservation and potential N credits to trade. A positive NTT-DNL_reac means that the new N management practice increases the savings in reactive N with potential to trade these savings as N credits. A negative number means that there is no savings in reactive N and no N available to trade. The new NLEAP-GIS can be used to quickly identify the best scenario that shows the greatest potential to maximize field-level savings in reactive N for environmental conservation and earning N credits for trade.     

基于精细管理地区减少氮淋失的管理模型

虽然氮是集约耕作农业系统的重要营养物,但是充分发挥其效率并减少损失非常困难,原因之一是影响土壤残留硝态氮和硝态氮淋失潜力的空间和时间变异性。1999~2001年美国土壤学家Delgado使用氮素淋洗经济分析(NLEAP)模型评价精细管理地区的氮管理效益。氮淋失随管理地区变化,低生产力地区淋失量最大。研究发现生产力是决定硝态氮淋失的重要空间变量,低生产力地区硝态氮淋失量随施肥量增加而增加。除了氮,可以限制产量以减少硝态氮的生长季淋失和土壤残留硝态氮非生长季的有效淋失。基于生产力地区的空间变量施肥比统一施肥的硝态氮淋失量少,且维持最高产量,使用精细管理后第一年可减少硝态氮的淋失率为25%。