哈达门森林公园的旅游气候资源

地处阴山山系中段大青山脉林区的哈园，其气候区划为我国中温带亚干旱气候类型。就整体而言，四季分明，内陆气候特征强烈；但因巨大阴山山地效应，年降雨量超过４５０ｍｍ，植被繁茂，形成多种多样的小气候环境，以高山环境、森林环境及峡谷环境为代表，它们冷暖干湿分异形大。气候的多样性，可满足旅游者的不同要求，产生了非凡吸引力，为哈园开发建设的宝贵自然资源之一。     

Spatial and temporal variability of air temperature across urban neighborhoods with varying amounts of tree canopy

Recent studies have emphasized the presence of microclimates in urban settings, but most do not have the high resolution observations necessary to understand the interactions taking place at a neighborhood scale. This study used a network of 10 identical weather stations and high resolution land cover data in Knoxville, Tennessee, to analyze the microclimates of a medium-sized city with a temperate climate. Two stations were installed in each of four urban neighborhoods in locations with varying localized tree cover, and two additional stations were installed in the center of downtown and in a nearby urban nature center. The intra-neighborhood results suggested that there is significant temperature variability within a single neighborhood based on the tree canopy density immediately surrounding a given weather station. However, the inter-neighborhood variability (differences between neighborhoods) was similar in magnitude, which suggests that the overall differences in neighborhood characteristics also have an effect on climate. Land cover at the neighborhood scale (in particular tree canopy percentages at the 500-m radii) had the highest correlation with the minimum daily temperature (Tmin) during the summer season. Maximum daily temperature (Tmax) relied most on the distance of each station from Downtown and the amount of impervious area in the 50 m surrounding each station. Tmax was also most influenced by surrounding land cover during dry conditions (a Dry Moderate air mass). Overall, highly localized impervious land cover percentages and larger-scale forested canopy were important in explaining temperature fluctuation, pointing to the importance of scale in microclimate assessments. Dry air masses enhanced the relationship between land cover and temperature during the day, while moist air masses did the same overnight. These data can be used to better inform planning strategies to build resiliency to extreme heat into urban environments by considering the influence of tree canopy.     

Pearl Millet Phenology and Growth in Relation to Thermal Time under Arid Environment

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum L.R.Br.) hybrid MH 179 was grown under two moisture regimes viz., optimal moisture and rainfed conditions. The field experiment was continued for three consecutive rainy seasons to quantify the pearl millet development with thermal time. The possible influence of variation in natural sowing date on the relationships between crop development and thermal time have been described. At cardinal temperatures of 10°C (base temperature below which pearl millet development ceases), 33°C (optimal temperature for development) and 45°C (maximum temperature at and above which no development takes place), the crop required 1490–1794°Cd thermal time to reach physiological maturity. The thermal time requirement for different developmental stages was influenced by the sowing time and moisture availability during the growing season of the crop.
The leaf tip appearance on the main shoot of pearl millet in relation to thermal time was almost linear under both moisture conditions requiring about 44–50°Cd ± 2.6 °Cd leaf⁻¹, till the appearance of the flag (last) leaf. However, leaf tip appearance on primary tillers was slightly slower and required 53-58°Cd ± 4.7°Cd for each new leaf. Appearance of first primary tiller was later (at 320°Cd after emergence) under the rainfed condition as compared to the crop under the optimal moisture (at 250°Cd).Thereafter, the tiller appearance in relation to thermal time under both moisture conditions was at a linear rate of about 53-56°Cd ± 9.5°Cd tiller⁻¹.
Effect of microclimatic variations, canopy temperature, radiation and photoperiod on the phenology-thermal time relationships have been discussed under both the moisture conditions.     

阳坡山地花椒园的立地条件和丰产试验

阳坡山地花椒园光热充足,但土壤水分、养分条件较差,因而,限制了单株产量。采用园地覆膜、尿素叶面喷肥技术措施能明显提高单株产量,是石灰岩山地花椒园的重要增产措施。     

九连山碟斗青冈群落结构及小气候特征分析

根据16个样方共1600m2面积调查统计,九连山碟斗青冈(Cyclobalanopsis disciformis)群落共有维管束植物45科64属83种,区系地理成分以热带、泛热带分布的热带性成分为主,占总属数的75.81%。群落最小面积为1600m2。物种多样性Shannon-Wiener指数为4.58,均匀度为84.4%。高位芽植物占总数的82%,以中型叶、革质叶、单叶和全缘叶占优势。该群落与中亚热带常绿阔叶林有显著区别,具有典型的亚热带常绿阔叶林沟谷雨林的特征,属于从中亚热带向南亚热带常绿阔叶林过渡的类型。群落垂直结构层次明显,可分为乔木层、灌木层和草本层,并有非常丰富的层间植物。目前几个优势种群的年龄结构趋于暂时的稳定。茂密而结构复杂的常绿阔叶林,调节夏季最高和平均气温的能力较强,调节冬季最低和平均气温的能力较弱,林内较林外极值呈现夏低冬高的特点。茂密而结构复杂的常绿阔叶林具有较大的促进降水作用,保持空气湿度具有较大作用。     

Effects of pre- and post-planting shading on growth of container Norway spruce seedlings

Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) is shade-tolerant and sensitive to high irradiance, summer frosts and winter desiccation, which can impair its reforestation success. In this study, artificial pre- and post-planting shading was examined to determine their effects on post-planting shoot and root growth as well as the vigor of one- and two-year-old Norway spruce seedlings. Three planting experiments were carried out on open nursery fields (Exp. 1, 2) and on a mounded forest clearcut in central Finland (Exp. 3). Before planting, the seedlings were stored over winter either in a freezer or on open fields under snow cover. For two weeks prior to planting, half of the seedlings were placed in the open and the other half under a horizontal shade netting (light transmittance 56 %) (Exp. 1, 2). All seedlings were planted with or without a vertical post-planting shade, which was located on the southern side. Post-planting shading enhanced shoot growth and reduced damage (better visual vigor and needle color and less pine-weevil damage) on Norway spruce seedlings for at least two years after planting (Exp. 2, 3). Those seedlings, that had been stored over winter in the open and kept in shade prior to planting seemed to benefit most from post-planting shading (Exp. 2). However, post-planting shading may give variable results, depending on the seedling quality and weather conditions after planting, and may even reduce shoot growth if no pre-planting shading is used (Exp. 1). Shoot growth may also be improved at the expense of root growth (Exp. 3). The costs of manufacturing and installing post-planting shades may limit their use in practice, for example, to selected regeneration sites where there is high risk of frost damage but where no alternative silvicultural procedure (shelterwood or nurse crop) has been used.     

Incidence and Severity of Bean Rust (Uromyces appendiculatus) in Alleys between Leucaena Hedgerows in Kenya

The effects of inter-row spacing of Leucaena leucocephala (Lam.) de Wit in an alley cropping system on the incidence and severity of rust (Uromyces appendiculatus (Pers.) Unger) on intercropped beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and their yield were examined over 2 years (1993 and 1994) at Chepkoilel Campus in Kenya. Each experiment consisted of three randomized blocks with treatments of three alley widths (2 m, 4 m and 8 m) and a treeless control with two intra-row spacings of Leucaena (0.5 m and 1.0 m). Hedgerows were coppiced at 1.0 m height and pruned subsequently at 2–3 months intervals. No fertilizer was applied but Leucaena loppings were incorporated as green leaf manure. Rust on beans was assessed at three growth stages in each season, using the Centro International de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT) scales. Microclimate was monitored in treatments, in 1994. Bean growth and yield were also measured. Rust increased with increasing alley width and was less severe in bean rows adjacent to hedgerows. Bean yield was highest in the treeless control plots and declined with decreasing alley width. Beans in 2 m alleys had significantly lower (p < 0.05) yields than 8 m alleys and treeless control plots. Bean growth was greatly modified in 2 m alleys and close to hedgerows. Light availability and diurnal temperature increased with alley width but relative humidity and leaf wetness duration decreased. Proximity to hedgerows also had marked effect on microclimate. The changes in yield, rust incidence and severity were examined in relation to microclimate, inoculum survival and dispersal.     

百岁兰栽培技术

从非洲纳米比亚引进百岁兰（Welwitschia mirabilis Hook.f.）种子,在成功育苗的基础上,通过百岁兰栽植的小气候环境的对比试验、移植方法的探索以及生长量的测定,总结出一整套百岁兰在国内温室栽培技术,为保存植物界“老寿星”和“活化石”提供技术支持.     

不同颜色防虫网覆盖对小气候效应及青菜生长的影响

以绿色20目、银灰色22目防虫网和日本早生华京青菜品种为试材,采用立柱框架式网室栽培,研究了不同颜色防虫网覆盖对网室内温度、湿度、光照等小气候及华京青菜生长、产量的影响。试验结果表明,与露地相比,防虫网内相对空气湿度增加,晴天和阴天湿度增幅明显比雨天高;光照强度减弱,网色越深减幅越大;夏季覆盖绿色防虫网温度略有降低,秋季覆盖银灰色防虫网温度略有增加。覆盖防虫网后,绿色网内青菜出苗延迟,略有减产;银灰色网内青菜出苗提早,有显著的增产作用,且两者收获期均推迟,商品综合性能均强。     

地面覆草对姜田小气候及生姜生长的影响

姜田地面覆草可显著增加土壤含水量，降低地温，提高空气相对湿度，但使气温稍升。尽管地面覆草未改变光强，但生姜长势与传统插草相似，因而最终产量未表现显著差异。地面覆草与插草的生姜长势及产量均极显著高于裸地