间作茶园中茶树生态生理特性的研究

茶树(Camellia sinensis(L.)O.Ktze.)是亚热带常绿阔叶灌木,具有喜光、耐荫、喜湿、畏寒的特性,其生长发育与茶园生态环境密切相关,尤其在强光、高温、低湿条件下,对茶芽的生长带来不利的影响,致使夏秋茶低产劣质。为此,近20年来,国内外不少学者广泛地开展了间作茶园生态效应及效益的研究,认为适度遮荫(即种植遮荫树)能明显地提高茶叶产量和绿茶品质。但是,对间作茶园的生态条件与茶树主要生理活动(诸如光合、呼吸、蒸腾作用等)的关系报道甚少。为此,我们研究了茶园间作对茶树主要生理活动的影响,并与单作茶园比较,以揭示生态生理特性,从而为建立茶园复合生态系统提供一定的理论依据和具体措施。     

不同地区白颖苔草在热胁迫下的生理反应

通过光照培养箱模拟北京地区的高温高湿环境,将来源于黄骅、顺义、丰镇、乌海、海淀5个地区的白颖苔草(Carex rigescens)进行热胁迫21d,以胁迫第1d的数据作为对照,每隔4d对相对电导率、叶绿素含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量、脯氨酸(Pro)含量、保护性酶及可溶性蛋白7个生理指标进行分析比较.结果表明:随着热胁迫时间的延长,与对照相比各材料的过氧化物酶(POD)活性、MDA含量、Pro含量均显著上升之后下降,相对电导率显著增加,可溶性蛋白含量无明显变化,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及叶绿素含量变化趋势各不一致.通过隶属函数法综合分析可知,不同地区的白颖苔草耐热性高低顺序为:黄骅＞乌海＞丰镇＞海淀＞顺义.     

对3个桑品种生理生态特征的比较研究

研究了湖桑32号、农桑14号和丰田2号等3个桑树品种的光合特征及叶绿素的部分参数。3个品种的光补偿点为3.58～50.10μmol/(m2.s),表观量子效率为0.022～0.051,湖桑32号>农桑14号>丰田2号;光饱和点为1 436.78～1 571.43μmol/(m2.s),丰田2号>农桑14号>湖桑32号;CO2补偿点为62.87～103.40μmol/mol,CO2饱和点为921.88～1 055.56μmol/mol,其中,湖桑32号的CO2补偿点和饱和点、羧化效率及二磷酸核酮糖羧化酶的最大再生速率(Pmax)均较显著高于其它两个品种;叶绿素相对含量丰田2号>农桑14号>湖桑32号,表明丰田2号单位叶面叶绿体数量较多,具有相对较大的光合潜力;光化学效率和光合电子传递效率分别为0.746 2～0.801 8、1.58～3.43,其中丰田2号的叶绿素荧光参数值显著高于其它2个品种,具有一定光适应和抗逆性能力。     

不同紫花苜蓿品种的TWINSPAN分类与筛选

应用“康乃尔生态学”程序(Cornell ecological program,CEP)中的二歧指示种分析TWINSPAN(Two-WayIndicators Species Analysis)数量分析方法,以不同紫花苜蓿品种的生理生态特性值和牧草产量值为指标对16个紫花苜蓿品种进行分类。结果表明:用TWINSPAN可将16个品种划分为7类,并且根据试验站所在地区的干旱半干旱的气候特征,筛选出高产、高水分利用效率、高光能利用效率的3个优良品种,分别为肇东苜蓿、德宝苜蓿和草原2号苜蓿。     

苜蓿生物覆盖对幼龄茶园生理生态特征的影响

试验研究了不同带型苜蓿生物覆盖对幼龄茶园生态系统的生理生态效应,结果表明：在盛夏季节,随苜蓿种植比例的增加,系统郁闭度提高,茶园光照强度、气温、土壤温度渐次降低,而湿度增加;苜蓿种植比例的增加,可明显改善盛夏季节茶树叶片的“午休”现象,茶树的净光合速率（Pn）提高,2：1带型、2：3带型和2：5带型的Pn分别比纯茶树处理（BS1）增加29．17％、57．29％和80．73％。幼龄茶树与苜蓿间作可改善茶园生态环境,有利于幼龄茶树生长,但带型差异对幼龄茶树生长速率、新稍数量影响规律性不强;幼龄茶园苜蓿生物覆盖可以获得可观的优质牧草,不同带型与纯紫花苜蓿（BS2）之间以及2：1带型、2：3带型、2：5带型之间的苜蓿干草、鲜草产量差异均达到极显著水平。2：5带型的间作模式效果最好,在改善幼龄茶园生态环境的同时,可收获可观的优质紫花苜蓿。构建茶树、苜蓿人工复合生态系统,不仅能够为幼龄茶树生长创造良好的生态环境,而且可为南方丘陵山区畜牧业发展提供优质饲料。     

紫花苜蓿品种的TWINSPAN分类与筛选

应用"康乃尔生态学"程序(Cornell ecological program,CEP)中的二歧指示种分析TWINSPAN(Two-Way Indica-tors Species Analysis)数量分析方法,以不同紫花苜蓿品种的生理生态特性值和牧草产量值为指标,对24个紫花苜蓿品种进行分类。结果表明:用TWINSPAN可将24个苜蓿品种划分为8类,并且根据试验站所在地区的干旱半干旱的气候特征,筛选出高产、高水分利用效率、高光能利用效率的4个优良品种—超级阿波罗、胜利者、WL232、中苜1号。     

Changes in soil biochemical indicators at different wheat growth stages under conservation-based sustainable intensification of rice-wheat system

Soil microbes play critical roles in soil biogeochemistry, soil biological health and crop productivity. The current study evaluated the effects of tillage and residue management on changes in soil biochemical indicators at different growth stages of wheat after 5 years of rice-wheat system. Nine treatment combinations of tillage, crop establishment and crop residue management included three main plot treatments applied to rice: (1) conventional till direct dry seeded rice (CTDSR), (2) zero till direct dry seeded rice (ZTDSR), and (3) conventional puddled manual transplanted rice (CTPTR) and three subplot treatments in subsequent wheat: (1) conventional tillage with rice residue removed (CTW-R), (2) zero tillage with rice residue removed (ZTW-R) and (3) zero tillage with rice residue retained as surface mulch (ZTW+R). Irrespective of rice treatments, ZTW+R treatment had higher soil biochemical indicators compared with ZTW-R and CTW-R at all the growth stages of wheat. Generally, all the biochemical indicators were the highest at the flowering stage of wheat. Residual effect of rice treatments was also significant on biochemical quotients in wheat, which were the highest under ZTDSR followed by CTDSR and CTPTR. The present study provided three sensitive and reliable biochemical indicators (microbial biomass, basal soil respiration and microbial quotient) which respond rapidly to change in tillage and residue management practices in RWS of South Asia.     

Ecophysiological traits in maize hybrids and their parental inbred lines: Phenotyping of responses to contrasting nitrogen supply levels

Maize (Zea mays L.) breeding based primarily on final grain yield has been successful in improving this trait since the introduction of hybrids. Contrarily, understanding of the variation in ecophysiological processes responsible of this improvement is limited, especially between parental inbred lines and their hybrids. This limitation may hinder future progress in genetic gain, especially in environments where heritability estimation is reduced because grain yield is severely affected by abiotic stresses. The objective of this study was to analyze the genotypic variation between inbred lines and derived hybrids in the physiological determinants of maize grain yield at the crop level, and how differences among hybrids and parental inbreds may effect contrasting responses to N stress. Special emphasis was given to biomass production and partitioning during the critical period for kernel number determination. Phenotyping included the evaluation of 26 morpho-physiological attributes for 6 maize inbred lines and 12 derived hybrids, cropped in the field at contrasting N supply levels (N₀: no N added; N₄₀₀: 400 kg N ha⁻¹ applied as urea) during three growing seasons. Tested genotypes differed in the response to reduce N supply for most measured traits. Grain yield was always larger for hybrids than for inbreds, but N deficiency affected the former more than the latter (average reduction in grain yield of 40% for hybrids and of 24% for inbreds). We also found (i) a common pattern across genotypes and N levels for the response of kernel number per plant to plant growth rate during the critical period, (ii) a reduced apical ear reproductive capacity (i.e., kernel set per unit of ear growth rate) of inbreds as compared to hybrids, (iii) similar RUE during the critical period and N absorption at maturity at low N levels for both groups of genotypes, but enhanced RUE and N absorption of hybrids at high N supply levels, and (iv) an improved N utilization efficiency of hybrids across all levels of N supply. Results are indicative of a more efficient use of absorbed N by hybrids than by parental inbreds. Larger grain yield of hybrids than of inbreds at N₀ was associated to (i) enhanced dry matter accumulation due to improved light interception during the life cycle and (ii) enhanced biomass partitioning to the grain.     

Tillage and residue management practices affect soil biological indicators in a rice–wheat cropping system in north-western India

Agricultural productivity relies on a wide range of ecosystem services provided by the soil biota. Sustainable management practices, such as tillage and residue management, can influence structure and function of the soil microbiota, with direct consequences for the associated ecosystem services. Although there is increasing evidence that different tillage regimes alter the soil biological indices, we only have a limited understanding of their temporal changes in a rice (Oryza sativa L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping system. We evaluated the effects of combinations of tillage, crop residue management and green manuring on soil biological indicators after 5 years of the practising rice–wheat system (RWS). Four main plot treatments in rice included the following: (a) PTR_W0, puddled transplanted rice with no wheat straw retained; (b) PTR_W25, puddled transplanted rice with 25% anchored wheat stubbles retained; (c) PTR_W0 + Sesbania aculeate L. green manure (GM); and (d) PTR_W25+GM, puddled transplanted rice with 25% anchored wheat stubbles retained+ GM. There were three subplot treatments in the subsequent wheat crop: (a) CTW_R0, conventional tillage wheat with rice residue removed; (b) ZTW_R0, zero tillage wheat with rice residue removed; and (c) ZTW_R100, ZTW with 100% rice residue retained as mulch. The PTR_W25+GM treatment, followed by ZTW_R100, significantly increased soil microbial biomass carbon, basal soil respiration, microbial quotient and mineralization quotient measured during wheat-growing season. These biological indicators were higher at vigorous vegetative wheat growth stage than at flowering stage and decreased at maturity. The principal component analysis of the assayed variables showed that all the variables significantly contributed to the variability in parameters examined and were more related to maximum tillering stage of wheat growth than to maturity or at sowing of wheat. Three highly effective biological indicators were microbial biomass carbon, microbial quotient and mineralization quotient, which responded significantly to changes in tillage and residue management practices in the RWS. We conclude that crop residues and green manure have significant to improve soil biochemical processes by improving soil organic carbon and soil biological indicators in rice–wheat cropping system.