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The factors responsible for widespread declines of grassland birds in the United States are not well understood. This study,
conducted in the short-grass prairie of eastern Wyoming, was designed to investigate the relationship between variation in
habitat amount, landscape heterogeneity, prey resources, and spatial variation in grassland bird species richness. We estimated
bird richness over a 5-year period (1994–1998) from 29 Breeding Bird Survey locations. Estimated bird richness was modeled
as a function of landscape structure surrounding survey routes using satellite-based imagery (1996) and grasshopper density
and richness, a potentially important prey of grassland birds. Model specification progressed from simple to complex explanations
for spatial variation in bird richness. An information-theoretic approach was used to rank and select candidate models. Our
best model included measurements of habitat amount, habitat arrangement, landscape matrix, and prey diversity. Grassland bird
richness was positively associated with grassland habitat; was negatively associated with habitat dispersion; positively associated
with edge habitats; negatively associated with landscape matrix attributes that may restrict movement of grassland bird; and
positively related to grasshopper richness. Collectively, 62% of the spatial variation in grassland bird richness was accounted
for by the model (adj-R2 = 0.514). These results suggest that the distribution of grassland bird species is influenced by a complex mixture of factors
that include habitat area affects, landscape pattern and composition, and the availability of prey. 相似文献
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Classifying tree planters and non planters in a subsistence farming system using a discriminant analytical approach 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Since the 1970s tree planting has been promoted to meet the multipurpose needs of subsistence farmers and to arrest deforestation in many developing countries. Financial support and extension systems were developed as tree growing outside the forest became more important. The limited success of the forest extension approaches used in the 1980s has been attributed to the failure to ascertain householders' priorities and attitudes to tree growing. Although the broader theoretical paradigm of factors influencing householders' planting of trees has been discussed household and regional level analyses are rare. This study used discriminant analysis to assess the extent to which social and economic factors affect smallholder farmer tree planting in Orissa, eastern India. The validity of the predictive model to define the different groups was tested by assessing the accuracy of classification. The significance of the factors was probed using the identified variables in the discriminant functions developed for smallholder farmers in the coastal and inland zones of Orissa. The results contradicted some common assumptions that only large landowners with a substantial income are innovators. The likelihood of adopting agroforestry is dependent on the progressive attitude of farmers, membership of village organisations, their wealth status and, more importantly, their perceived risk concerning agricultural production. This approach enables tree planters and non-planters to be characterised and hence give better targetting of planning and social forestry programmes.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
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中东欧前社会主义国家森林私有化概况与发展趋势 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
概括介绍了中东欧前社会主义国家林权私有化的现状、面临的种种挑战和发展趋势。 相似文献
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杨树超短轮伐期经营的生产力及材性的研究 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
以美洲黑杨2个无性系为供试材料,研究杨树超短轮伐期经营中地上部分生物量生产、分配模式、N、P、K的输出量及材性。结果表明,在3种密度和3种轮伐期的组合中,2个无性系均以造林密度为10000株·ha-1、轮伐期为3年的林分生物生产力最高,I-69杨为10.52t·ha-1·a-1,NL-80351杨约为12.00t·ha-1·a-1;在生物量的分配比率和作为造纸材的经济生物量上也以这种组合模式最为合理,经济生物量最大,I-69杨为7.14t·ha-1·a-1,NL-80351杨为8·47t·ha-1·a-1。养分输出量的多少与林分的生物量生产和分配比率密切相关。轮伐期为3年,密度为10000株·ha-1的林分N、P、K的输出量最高,I-69杨为33.97kg·ha-1·a-1,NL-80351杨为38.50kg·ha-1·a-1,但NL-80351杨每生产1吨经济生物量所输出的N、P、K总量略低于I-69杨。杨树超短轮伐期经营中生产出的木材都可用作中、低档的造纸原料,其中I-69杨的制浆性能优于NL-80351杨。 相似文献
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Seed maturity indices of Populus ciliata were investigated in collections from Sukhatal and Bhowali. Across both seed sources, mean capsule size varied from 68.0±1.5 mm2 to 72.0±0.9 mm2, while mean number of capsules/100 grams varied from 268±8 to 295±12. Mean weight of 100 capsules varied from 25.0±1.4 g to 27.0±1.4 g. Weight of 100 capsules among sources and individual trees differed significantly (P < 0.05), while number of capsules/100 grams and weight of 100 capsules was negatively correlated (r2 = 0.69). As capsules matured moisture content decreased from 83.2±1.1% to 54.3±0.3% at Sukhatal and from 77.7±0.4% to 46.4±0.3% at Bhowali. The optimum germination was at 58–60% moisture content. Maturation was related to capsule colour changes as well as moisture content. These parameters were judged to be good indicators of when to collect P. ciliata seeds. 相似文献
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We used a null-balance porometer to measure leaf conductance of mature and primary leaves of natural seedlings, saplings,
and trees ofPinus roxburghii (chir) during autumn at four sites at 1,320–1,930 m elevation in the central Himalaya of India. Our hypothesis that primary
leaves had higher leaf conductance than mature leaves (needles in fascicles), based on measurements in other pines, was rejected.
Comparisons on the same saplings and seedlings showed lower leaf conductance for primary leaves than for mature leaves. Primary
leaves on seedlings and saplings also did not consistently have higher leaf conductance than mature leaves on near-by trees.
Mature leaves on seedlings, however, did often have higher conductance than mature leaves on nearby trees. Mean values for
leaf conductance (mmol m−2 s−1, based on total leaf surface area) ranged from 42–82 for mature leaves on trees, 60–121 for mature leaves on seedlings, and
28–67 for primary leaves on seedlings. Compared to published values for other pine species, conductance of mature leaves ofP. roxburghii is relatively low.
Funding for this study was provided by grants from the United States National Science Foundation, INT-9312052 and INT-9404043.
We appreciate the review of an early draft by Barbara Bond. 相似文献