1988-2018年哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及其驱动力

[目的] 对近30 a来哈密绿洲植被覆盖度时空变化及驱动力进行分析，为该地区绿洲持续健康发展提供理论借鉴。[方法] 以1988，1998，2008及2018年4期影像为基础数据，利用像元二分模型计算了基于AFRI_SWIR2指数提取的植被覆盖度，利用动态度指数与植被覆盖度转移矩阵分析哈密绿洲植被覆盖度动态变化；再通过地理探测器对8个影响因子进行探测，探寻哈密绿洲植被覆盖度的驱动因子。[结果] 近30 a来哈密绿洲面积从1988年的214 km²增长到2018年的632.1 km²，增幅达195%，但绿洲内植被覆盖度等级却较低，同时哈密绿洲面积主要扩展的区域在西北部和东南部区域；哈密绿洲的发展阶段可分为3个阶段：1988-1998年为低强度稳定期，1998-2008年为极度扩张期，2008-2018年为高强度稳定期。[结论] 土地利用类型变化是造成哈密绿洲植被覆盖度变化的直接原因，同时在近30 a内，人为因素对哈密绿洲植被覆盖状况的影响远高于自然因素。     

Water and Energy Consumption by Agriculture in the Minqin Oasis Region

Water used in agriculture consumes much energy, mainly due to pumping water for irrigation, but the water-energy nexus is always neglected in arid and semi-arid areas. Based on hydrological observation data, irrigation data and socio- economic data over the past 50 yr, this study has derived a detailed estimate of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from agricultural water use in the Minqin Oasis. Results show that the decreasing water supply and increasing demand for agriculture has caused severe water deficits over the past 50 yr in this region. The groundwater energy use rate rose by 76% between 1961 and 2009 because of the serious decline in groundwater levels. An increase in pump lift by an average 1 m would cause GHG emission rates to rise by around 2%. Over the past 10 yr, the GHG emissions from groundwater accounted for 65-88% of the total emissions from agricultural water. GHG emissions for diverted water varied from 0.047 to 0.074 Mt CO 2 e as the water input increased. Long distance conveyance and high pump lifts need more electricity input than groundwater abstraction does. Government policies have had a favorable effect on total emissions by reducing water abstraction. But groundwater depletion, exacerbated by a growing population and an expansion in arable land, remains the principal energy-water nexus challenge in the region. In response to the increasing water-energy crisis, energy-saving irrigation technology, matching to cost efficiencies, and better coordination between different infrastructural agencies could be feasible ways of rendering the water and energy sectors more sustainable over the long term.     

绿洲的发生类型及时空演变

本文阐述了对绿洲定义的理解，并就绿洲的发生类型、形成机制、时空变迁及开发建设转化条件诸方面较详细的发表了见解。     

草业在绿洲生态农业中的地位和作用与优化体系建立的原理

本文重点阐述了干旱区绿洲建设的必要性和原则；草业在绿洲生态农业中的地位和作用；建立以草业为纽带，农牧林草结合，综合发展的绿洲生态农业体系的原理     

绿洲—荒漠生态脆弱带的研究

绿洲—荒漠生态脆弱带是具有敏感地退化趋势的生态交错带 ,它受绿洲生态系统和荒漠生态系统的双重影响。本文在分析了绿洲—荒漠生态脆弱带的性质、特点等以后 ,按照其毗邻绿洲的不同 ,探讨性地将它分为三类 :( 1 )河岸林绿洲—荒漠脆弱带 ;( 2 )冲洪积扇绿洲—荒漠脆弱带 ;( 3 )湖沼和湖滨三角洲绿洲—荒漠脆弱带。由于其本身所具有的脆弱性 ,加上人类活动的强烈干扰 ,该区出现了以土地荒漠化为主的多种生态环境问题 ,针对这些问题 ,作者提出了若干治理建议     

张掖市水环境演化对黑河下游绿洲生态的影响与对策

绿洲是干旱区特有的地理景观,有水成绿洲,无水变荒漠。黑河下游的额济纳绿洲极度干旱,黑河是其唯一的水源。然而由于中游张掖市人口的迅速增长和工农业大规模发展,加上对水资源的不合理开发利用,导致正义峡径流量日益减少,额济纳绿洲的生态环境急剧恶化。本文着重论述了黑河中游张掖市水环境的现状及其对下游额济纳绿洲生态的影响,并提出了相应的对策。     

新疆北屯绿洲弃耕农田的植被变化特征

在北屯绿洲选择了3组不同年限的次生盐渍化弃耕农田,分别计算了样地内每种植物的重要值,采用Shannon-Wiener指数、Pielou指数、Simpson指数测定了生物多样性.结果表明:3组群落组成存在显著差异,优势种更替明显.3组群落构成依次为,一年生草本、一年生草本 多年生小半灌木、多年生草本 灌木.物种多样性表现为2年群落＞5年群落＞13年群落;群落均匀度表现为2年群落＞5年群落,而5年与13年群落相当,但是生态优势度却表现出与物种多样性相反的趋势,即2年群落＜5年群落＜13年群落.     

民勤绿洲荒漠过渡区辐射特征与热量平衡规律研究

根据巴丹吉林沙漠与腾格里沙漠交汇处的民勤绿洲荒漠过渡区的长期连续实测资料 ,分析了该地区的辐射特征 ,研究了热量平衡各分量的变化特征及热量平衡规律。在绿洲荒漠过渡区 ,其太阳辐射、净辐射和反射辐射具有明显的日进程和季节变化规律 ;太阳辐射月总量最大值 (12 0 2 3 3kW·m- 2 )出现在 8月份 ,最小值(5 2 0 6 5kW·m- 2 )出现在 11月份 ;流动沙丘表面的反射率高于有植被覆盖的红柳和白刺灌丛沙丘表面的反射率 ,在植被生长季节更为明显 ,反射率日最大值分别为流动沙丘 (37 5 % ) >白刺沙丘 (2 9 7% ) >红柳沙丘 (2 7 9% ) ;流动沙丘表面接受的净辐射是植被覆盖区的 5 0 %～ 70 %左右。在绿洲荒漠过渡区生态系统的热量平衡中 ,占比例最大的是潜热通量 ,其次为感热通量和土壤热通量。随着荒漠化程度的加深 ,生态系统反射率增加 ,净辐射减少 ,而且热量平衡中感热通量和土壤热通量所占比例增加 ,而潜热通量比例减小。     

武威绿洲灌区冬小麦田土壤水热特征对耕作措施的响应

通过田间定位试验,研究了内陆河武威绿洲灌区不同耕作措施对冬小麦田土壤水热特性和产量的影响。结果表明:免耕秸秆覆盖(NTS)和免耕立茬(NTSS)处理较免耕秸秆不覆盖(NT)、传统耕作(T)和秸秆翻压(TIS)处理具有显著的保墒作用;冬小麦返青至收获期NTS和NTSS处理对土壤具有"降温作用",且气温越高"降温作用"越大;NTS和NTSS处理有利于提高冬小麦产量、穗粒数和千粒质量,分别较T处理显著提高产量15.65%~16.84%和6.98%~12.75%、穗粒数10.93%~12.34%和3.57%~23.41%、千粒质量7.85%~10.13%和5.57%~6.40%,分别较TIS处理提高产量8.01%~11.29%和2.94%~4.25%、穗粒数1.83%~9.50%和0.95%~13.28%、千粒质量1.77%~7.69%和0.40%~3.23%,分别较NT处理提高产量4.56%~9.23%和0.92%~1.04%。免耕秸杆覆盖和免耕秸杆立茬处理具有保水、降温、增产的作用,是适宜该区冬小麦生产的有效耕作措施。     

Effects of urban parks on the local urban thermal environment

Air temperatures in and outside of 60 parks in Taipei city were surveyed to study the effect of different urban parks on their surrounding thermal gradients. Results suggest that the factors governing the temperature of park surroundings are not identical to those of park interiors. Air-temperature gradients surrounding urban parks are influenced by both the horizontal transport of cool or warm air mass above parks and the evapotranspirative air-parcels from trees, creating a cool island larger than the boundaries of cool-island parks, a heat-island larger than the boundaries of strong heat-island parks, and a cool-ring outside weak heat-island parks. Such horizontal air movement is not easily detected using remotely sensed data. During daytime, the thermal environment within a park is dominated by the amount of solar input absorbed by unshaded paved area, which, when strong, can overflow to increase the temperatures of park surroundings; at night, despite park trees causing a warming effect inside parks, park surroundings are cooled by horizontal flow of evapotranspirative air-parcels from park trees. In business and other districts used mostly during daytime, it is recommended that parks and other open spaces be designed with less than 50% paved area and at least 30% trees, shrubs, and other shadings. In residential districts that are used mostly during nighttime, parks and other open spaces are recommended to be designed with more trees. Night irrigation, a measure commonly recommended for the conservation of water, is also recommended to further enhance this nighttime cooling.