区域工业发展与碳排放的脱钩关系分析——基于2006~2013年湖南的实际情况

根据湖南省“十一五”以来（2006~2013年）的工业发展和碳排放情况，分析湖南工业发展与碳排放之间的脱钩弹性、节能弹性、减排弹性，结果表明：湖南工业行业发展的过程中，较好地控制了碳排放量，但节能减排任务依然较大。因此，新常态下应以“节能、减排”为主线，深入优化产业结构，调整能源消费结构，从而确保工业可持续发展的同时，实现碳排放的合理控制。     

Energy balance and partition in Inner Mongolia steppe ecosystems with different land use types

Land use change and grassland degradation are two of the most critical problems ubiquitously found in arid and semi-arid areas in Northern China. Energy fluxes, including net radiation (R_n), latent heat flux (LE), sensible heat flux (H) and soil heat flux (G), were examined over an entire year (December 2005 to November 2006) in different steppe ecosystems – the steppe and cropland in Duolun and the fenced and grazed steppe in Xilinhot – in Inner Mongolia based on direct measurements from four eddy-covariance flux towers. The seasonal changes in R_n, LE, H and G of the four sites were similar, with very low values during the period of snow cover from December to February, followed by a gradual increase in the growing season. The opposite seasonal patterns of the LE and H fraction resulted in significant seasonal changes in Bowen ratio (β). Human activity in cropland ecosystems not only resulted in a rapidly shift between LE and H, but also triggered a decrease in latent heat fraction because of a shortened growing season of crop plants. The significantly positive relationships between canopy surface conductance (g_c) and LE/LE_eq of all of the study sites suggested that a lack of precipitation coupled with high VPD conduced remarkable decreases of stomatal conductance. This could impede the latent heat partitioning of available energy (R_n − G) in semi-arid ecosystems, Inner Mongolia. The obvious decrease in the values of g_c and the decoupling factor (Ω) in both the cropland and the degraded steppe suggested that land use change could depress latent flux fraction and increase its sensitivity to air and soil drought.     

基于不相关性的非稳态信号解耦技

对两路非稳态随机实值信号通过一个线性未知系统后得到两路输出信号的解耦问题进行了探讨.首先建立了非稳态信号的两路输入、两路输出系统的数学模型,将系统的解耦问题转换成求解系统的解耦系数问题.然后对解耦系数的求解进行推导,并给出算法适用的必要条件是信号为非稳态和不相关.通过计算出的解耦系数将源信号从测得的输出耦合信号中分离.通过本算法对人工耦合成的两路信号进行了解耦,结果证明了本算法的正确性.最后将算法应用到了研发的差速器检测试验台上,解耦结果满足了工程实际需要.     

Decoupling of air flow above and in plant canopies and gravity waves affect micrometeorological estimates of net scalar exchange

Turbulence within open canopies is shown to undergo a dramatic change in character during the transition from convective to stable conditions. In convective conditions the flow within the canopy is coupled through turbulent exchange to the flow aloft. As the transition proceeds, the within- and above-canopy flows decouple and vertically coherent waves form within the canopy. The intensity of above-canopy turbulence is not a good indicator of flow decoupling. Within-canopy waves can lead to large random error in the measurement of the change of storage and the advection terms in the mass balance equation. More importantly, errors associated with sampling over incomplete wave cycles will inevitably be combined with true advective flux divergences at non-ideal sites. Quantitative estimates of likely errors on storage of heat and CO₂ within the canopy are presented.     

Transpiration and early growth of tree plantations established on degraded cropland over shallow saline groundwater table in northwest Uzbekistan

This study examined the early growth and water use of tree plantations established on a marginalized irrigated cropland in northwest Uzbekistan, where salinization of agricultural soils is widespread due to shallow saline groundwater tables. During the first two growing seasons in 2003–2004, the tree stands consisting of Elaeagnus angustifolia L., Populus euphratica Oliv., and Ulmus pumila L. were irrigated with 80 mm year⁻¹, and, in 2005, were left to rely on the shallow (0.9–2.0 m deep) groundwater with a salinity of 1–5 dS m⁻¹. Soil salinity increased but remained within the range of moderate-to-strong (4–14 dS m⁻¹) during the three years. In the course of the growing season, plantations transpired 0.1–7 mm day⁻¹ in 2003 and 1–13 mm day⁻¹ in 2004–2005, as determined with the Penman–Monteith model. In the absence of irrigation, the annual stand transpiration averaged 1250, 1030, and 670 mm for E. angustifolia, P. euphratica and U. pumila, respectively. In 2005, the leaf area index of E. angustifolia ranged from 5 to 10, surpassing that of the other two species more than two-fold. Differences in canopy conductance and transpiration were significant among the tree species and the decoupling coefficient at no time exceeded 0.3, indicating strong physiological control of transpiration. The vigorous juvenile growth and high transpiration under deficit irrigation and after irrigation was terminated, suggested that afforestation with well-adapted tree species is a viable land use option for degraded cropland. The plantation responses to increasing soil salinity must be monitored to determine potential leaching demands in the long run.     

商品猪养殖解耦控制系统

针对商品猪的养殖现状,构建了一种适合中国国情的肉用猪高效安全的智能养殖系统。该系统可对工厂化商品猪的养殖过程进行信息跟踪,解决了商品猪高效养殖、小气候控制等关键问题。江苏省镇江某养殖基地的长期运行实践表明,该系统操作简便、安全高效。     

基于脱钩理论的生态环境与经济增长关系研究

近年来,随着生存环境的日益恶化,区域性的生态环境与经济增长的关系成为学术界研究的焦点。以武威市为例,运用脱钩理论,构建生态环境与经济增长的指标体系,综合分析武威市经济建设与生态环境的脱钩关系及程度。研究结果表明:2000~2012年武威市生态环境与经济增长的关系主要经历了扩张性耦合、弱脱钩和强脱钩3种状态,呈现出这3种状态的期数分别为2、10、1,分别占统计期数的15%、78%、7%。脱钩弹性总体曲线将研究期划分为3个阶段:2000~2005年、2006~2009年、2010~2012年,具体分析每个阶段的走势以及出现这种变化的原因,具有较强的指导意义。     

六自由度解耦机械臂的逆运动学通解

为求解六自由度解耦机械臂逆运动学通解,提出一种基于欧几里得范数的位姿分解逆运动学求解方法。先推导前3个关节角的解析解,快速、准确的获取机械臂的腕心位置;再利用已知的执行器姿态,计算后3个关节角,经六自由度机械臂的正逆运动学仿真互验,验证了方法的有效性。     

基于横向和垂向动力学的整车模型与仿真

通过分析汽车行驶时转向运动和垂直运动的相互影响、协调作用及综合动力学特性,建立了基于横向和垂向动力学的整车非线性系统模型,并在此基础上进行系统解耦和仿真计算。仿真结果表明,该模型可较好地反映同时考虑横向和垂向运动时的汽车动力学特性。     

Decoupling soil erosion and human activities on the Chinese Loess Plateau in the 20th century

Accelerated soil erosion is thought to couple with population growth, land exploitation and environmental degradation, leading to a major pressure on sustainable development of agro-ecosystem. However, implementation of wise policy and application of sound new techniques combined with traditional knowledge, may lead to less soil erosion or limited erosion under the tolerable value while intensive land use or exploitation is adopted for the population and economic growth. Such process of breaking the link between “environmental bads” and “economic goods” was termed as “decoupling”. In the present paper, decoupling process of soil erosion from human activities has been analyzed with the conception of decoupling indicators on the Chinese Loess Plateau. Before 1949, intensive soil erosion, as indicated by the high suspended sediment yield in the Yellow River, was induced by the wars within the nation and against the invasion of foreign countries. A distinct decoupling occurred after 1949, especially since the 1980s because of adoption of watershed-based comprehensive soil-water conservation measures. It implies that soil erosion could be decoupled from intensive land use exploration and the increasing population by a wise policy. And the decoupling indicator could be a sensitive indicator for agri-environment assessment.