基于松弛试验的蓖麻籽压榨非线性流变模型

【目的】揭示蓖麻籽压榨过程中的流变特征.【方法】利用单轴压榨试验装置进行应力松弛试验,获取了松弛过程中应力与时间关系.基于试验结果和半理论半经验法,利用改进的广义Maxwell模型建立了蓖麻籽压榨非线性流变模型,使用非线性回归法分段对模型参数进行求解,并将模型计算值与试验结果对比.【结果和结论】综合对比结果可知:模型模拟值与应力松弛试验结果吻合较好,该模型能较好的模拟压榨应变大于0.65时蓖麻籽的非线性流变特性.     

Simulation and design of the processing chamber of high-frequency electromagnetic processor

Processing chamber is an important part of high-frequency electromagnetic water processor. To determine what kind of processing chamber has better effect of antiscaling, the software, Ansoft Maxwell, which is based on the finite element method, is applied to simulate electromagnetic energy distribution in two common processing chambers. One processing chamber is set with coaxial electrodes and the other one is wrapped by spirals. The electromagnetic energy released to water and the distribution of instantaneous energy density of each chamber are compared. According to the simulation analysis, when the same electrical excitation is imposed on the same volume of water, electromagnetic energy of processing chamber with coaxial electrodes is far more than that of processing chamber wrapped by spirals. However, the electromagnetic energy of processing chamber with coaxial electrode decreases from the anode to the cathode, while the electromagnetic energy of processing chamber wrapped by spirals is distributed evenly. These analysis results can be definitely instructive to design the chamber of high-frequency electromagnetic processor.     

二自由度换挡执行器的电磁场有限元分析

为提高AMT的换挡性能,提出了一种采用直接驱动方式的二自由度换挡执行器。首先对二自由度换挡执行器的结构特征以及工作原理进行了分析研究,然后利用有限元方法,运用Ansoft Maxwell软件对二自由度换挡执行器的直动部分进行二维建模、网格剖分及场后处理等工作,并绘制出了磁力线分布图、磁感应强度云图及气隙磁通密度曲线图等,然后对其进行了简要分析,并以此作为性能优化依据。通过改变二自由度换挡执行器直动部分永磁体的材料,气隙间隔及永磁体排列方式重新对其直动部分进行仿真,并与之前的分析结果进行对比分析。分析结果表明,3个参数的改变,提高了气隙磁通密度,即提高了二自由度换挡执行器的驱动性能。     

新型种子包衣机静电雾化装置的研究

种子包衣技术普遍存在对种子呈凹凸形状的脐部覆盖不足的问题,严重影响种子的发芽率。提出将静电雾化技术应用到种子包衣中,以此解决种子包衣不足的问题。静电雾化技术的核心是使喷洒出的雾滴携带电荷,因此研究携带电荷的雾滴成为研究静电雾化技术的关键。通过静电喷雾实验及雾滴参数测试,得出在喷雾压力0.4 MPa,充电电压25 k V时,雾滴平均半径0.072 mm,拌种剂雾化效果最佳;并利用低频有限元软件Ansoft Maxwell对不同数量的荷电雾滴与平板接地导体之间的空间电场进行模拟仿真,采集不同情况下的电场强度数据,分析荷电雾滴所产生空间电场的分布规律;最后对雾滴群与更接近种子形状的球形导体之间的空间电场进行模拟仿真,从仿真结果得出雾滴群所产生的电场可以完全包围球形导体,这有利于拌种剂全面覆盖种子,特别是呈凹凸形状的脐部,提高种子包衣质量,从而得出将静电雾化技术运用到种子包衣上是可行和有效的方法。     

Predictions of viscoelastic behavior of pomegranate using artificial neural network and Maxwell model

Stress relaxation is one of the defined tests to characterize the viscoelastic properties of food and agricultural materials. Stress relaxation data are very important because they provide useful and valuable information such as fruit firmness and ripening, food processing and predicting changes in the material during mechanical loading. Viscoelastic behavior of some varieties of pomegranate that are cultivated in Iran has been studied in current research. For this purpose, stress relaxation test was conducted with three cultivars of pomegranate (Ardestani, Shishekap and Malas) for three sizes (small, medium and large). In this article the potential of artificial neural network (ANN) technique is evaluated as an alternative method for Maxwell model to predict the viscoelastic behavior of pomegranate. Neural stress relaxation models were constructed to describe stress relaxation behavior of pomegranate with respect to time. The neural models were built based upon relaxation time as input network and stress relaxation as output network. The results revealed that both ANN model and Maxwell model have high capability of producing accurate and reliable predictions for stress.     

Design and simulation of electromagnetic parking brake embedded in wheel motor

Based on the electromagnetic theory and the work principle of electromagnetic parking brake,a new structure power breaker electromagnetic brake is designed,which is low energy consumption and embedded in in wheel motor,and a kind of analysis computation method is proposed. Through the analysis of magnetic circuit of electromagnetic brake,the mathematical model is established. A three dimensional finite element model is established via Ansoft software with the purpose of analyzing the electromagnetic property and work performance of electromagnetic brake,as well as simulating the dynamic work process of electromagnetic brake. By profoundly investigating the intricate internal magnetic field strength and power density distribution of the electromagnetic brake,the current research has obtained the exciting coil with time curve,electromagnetic force with work air gap curve and the armature displacement with time curve,etc. The conformity of the final simulation results with the experimental data indicates that the electromagnetic finite element method is accurate and reliable to analyze the electromagnetic property of electromagnetic brake,which can meet the requirements of sensitivity,reliability and specialization in electric scooter parking brake system.     

Effect of penetration speed on flesh firmness measured on stored kiwifruit

The effect of penetration speed on flesh firmness (FF) measurement by motorised penetrometer was examined for ‘Hayward’ (Actinidia deliciosa var. deliciosa) and ‘Hort16A’ (Actinidia chinensis Planch. var. chinensis) kiwifruit. Data was collected for penetration speeds varying from 4 to 40 mm s⁻¹ using stored fruit of FF ∼10 N; a typical minimum FF threshold for export from New Zealand. Measurements were made on a number of instruments (Instron, GUSS FTA, HortPlus, TA.XTplus), using fruit from different orchards and in each of two different seasons. As expected, FF values increased with increasing penetration speed. A firmness-speed model was developed, based on the Maxwell rheological model for viscoelastic materials, which proved adequate in describing the FF data in terms of the effect of penetration speed. The effect of penetration speed was not adversely influenced by cultivar, season or instrument type. Within the range of fruit firmness examined - stored fruit below 20 N - it was concluded that the firmness-speed model could be successfully used to compare firmness values generated using instruments operating at different penetration speeds.     

Influence of high and low molecular weight glutenins on stress relaxation of wheat kernels and the relation to sedimentation and rheological properties

The stress relaxation behaviour of 36 bread wheat kernel lines was studied using the generalized Maxwell model with 4-exponential terms. The data suggested four relaxation phases, two fast phases at shorter times of 1–10 s (τ₁ and τ₂) and two slow phases with longer times of ≈50–450 s (τ₃ and τ₄). The stresses were mainly correlated with kernel mechanical properties. There were differences in spring and stress elements of Glu-A1 null compared to Glu-A1 1 and 2∗. The Glu-B1 and Glu-D1 showed differences in the stresses. Glu-A3 only affected kernel mechanical properties while Glu-B3 showed differences in both quality parameters and mechanical properties. The relaxation times τ₃ were high for genotypes with high SDS-sedimentation volume and long mixing time. Genotypes with 45–60 s of τ₃ usually had good HMW-GS background and LMW allelic combination generally associated with good quality. As expected, genotypes with short relaxation and mixing times and poor sedimentation volume were samples with Glu-A1 null, Glu-B3 j 1B/1R, and with Glu-A3 e (null). Differences in stress relaxation were found among HMW-GS and LMW-GS alleles specially Glu-3 loci and the differences were related to SDS-sedimentation, mixing and alveograph data.     

Effect of β-glucans on viscoelastic properties of barley kernels and their relationship to structure and soluble dietary fibre

The stress relaxation behaviour of barley kernels with differences in β-glucan was studied using the generalized Maxwell model for explaining the differences in quality. The relaxation moduli show that cultivar significantly affected the relaxation times (τ₂ and τ₃) and compressional viscosity (η_E2 and η_E3) of the 3 Maxwell elements and the pure elastic component (E₀). These data were twice as high in cultivars with high β-glucans compared to low β-glucans. Protein and malt extract, as well as β-glucan, showed similar patterns to the corresponding cultivars from the same locations. Malt extract was correlated with both insoluble fibre (−0.71; P < 0.0007) and total fibre (−0.66; P < 0.006). High β-glucan cultivars presented relatively high soluble fibre, wort viscosity and presented higher relaxation times. Soluble fibre and the wort viscosity were correlated with relaxation times τ₁, τ₂, τ₃. Also, β-glucans were correlated with τ₃ and viscosity η_E3. The overall importance of the effect of β-glucans on viscoelasticity, malting and food quality as shown in this investigation is in agreement with earlier investigations.