农业生防昆虫黄猄蚁对3种农药的药剂敏感性研究

黄猄蚁(Oecophylla smaragdina)是最早用于农业生防的昆虫,目前已被证明能防治20多种农业害虫,对农林生产具有重要作用,但目前黄猄蚁对常见农药的药剂敏感性尚不清楚。本研究采集云南西双版纳地区的黄猄蚁,使用3种常见农药噻虫嗪、吡虫啉、呋虫胺对其进行了毒力测定,并在培养皿放置毒饵和蚂蚁之后的8 h、16 h、24 h、32 h、40 h、48 h分别记录了黄猄蚁的死亡情况。结果表明: 黄猄蚁对不同药剂的敏感性存在差异,黄猄蚁对呋虫胺,噻虫嗪以及吡虫啉的16h半数致死浓度(LC50)分别为0.130 g/l,0.290 g/l和0.382 g/l,差异显著。连续观察两天后,发现不同农药对黄猄蚁的致死时间也存在差异,该研究可为黄猄蚁生防的利用和保护提供科学参考。     

2株毒死蜱降解菌的分离鉴定及其混合降解特性研究

从生产毒死蜱农药厂采集的活性污泥中分离筛选得到2株降解效率较高的毒死蜱降解菌,命名为D1、D3,根据表型特征、生理生化特性和16 S rRNA基因序列相似性分析,将其鉴定为苍白杆菌属(Ochrobactrum sp.)和副球菌属(Paracoccus sp.)细菌。2株菌以最佳配比(1∶1.25)混合施用时,与单菌相比,毒死蜱降解效率可提高12%~26%;以混合菌株为研究对象,发现其对毒死蜱最适降解温度为30℃,最适降解pH值为7.0,最适NaCl浓度为0.5%;混合菌株施入土壤后,可保持较高的定殖能力和降解效率。     

硅藻土对5种储粮害虫和不同磷化氢抗性水平杂拟谷盗防治效果的研究

为初步了解硅藻土对储粮害虫的防治效果以及与害虫磷化氢抗性发生发展的关系, 本研究采用直接拌粮法(设置剂量梯度为0?0.2?0.4?0.6 g/kg和 0.8 g/kg)测定硅藻土对赤拟谷盗?杂拟谷盗?锈赤扁谷盗?谷蠹?玉米象的防治效果, 以及磷化氢抗性杂拟谷盗(抗性倍数为 2.3~144.7)对硅藻土的敏感性差异; 除此之外, 本研究还分析了0.4 g/kg硅藻土在 4 种粮食(小麦?玉米?大豆?稻谷)中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果?研究结果表明:一定剂量(0.2~0.8 g/kg)的硅藻土均能够在一定时间内有效杀死上述 5种储粮害虫, 不同储粮害虫对硅藻土的敏感性存在显著差异(P<0.05), 其中杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的耐受性最强, 玉米象对硅藻土最为敏感?除个别品系外, 不同磷化氢抗性品系的杂拟谷盗对硅藻土的敏感性不存在显著差异(P>0.05), 且与磷化氢抗性无关; 硅藻土在不同粮食中对害虫的作用效果存在显著性差异(P<0.05)(处理 7 d后, 死亡率为 13%~98%), 其中在大豆中对赤拟谷盗的杀虫效果最强, 在玉米中对其作用效果不明显?因此本研究得出结论:硅藻土对主要储粮害虫均具有一定的防治作用, 且对抗磷化氢的杂拟谷盗具有良好的致死效果?因此, 硅藻土具备成为储粮害虫防治及其磷化氢抗性治理药剂的潜力?     

Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use

In this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.     

Silage and total mixed ration hygienic quality on commercial farms: implications for animal production

Implications of silage hygienic quality for animal production were investigated on forty‐five dairy farms in South West England. Samples of grass and maize silages and of total mixed rations (TMR) were obtained together with information on silage technology, herd size and animal production. Samples were analysed for mycotoxins, bacteria, yeasts, moulds and chemical composition. Thirteen mycotoxins were assayed, but none were detected in the samples of grass silage. However, mycotoxins were found in 0·9 of all maize and other silage samples, with deoxynivalenol and zearalenone predominating. There was no relationship between total mycotoxin concentration and mean lactation milk yield per cow. Enterobacteria counts tended to be higher in maize silage than in grass silage and higher still in TMR – a cause for concern. There were no relationships between mould counts and mycotoxin concentrations in silages, implying that mycotoxins may have been produced in the field pre‐ensiling.     

不同杀虫剂及其组合对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的毒力及田间防效

采用浸泡幼果法测定了6种杀虫剂及其两元复配组合对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的毒力, 并将筛选出的增效组合在田间进行防效验证。结果表明, 阿维菌素、氯虫苯甲酰胺、高效氯氟氰菊酯、呋虫胺、噻虫嗪和溴氰虫酰胺对梨小食心虫初孵幼虫的致死中浓度(LC50)分别为：0.691、4.883、5.350、10.326、13.966和27.942 mg/L。两元复配组合中, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺复配组合(8∶1、2∶1、1∶1、1∶2和1∶4)、呋虫胺与氯虫苯甲酰胺复配组合(1∶4、1∶2、1∶1、2∶1和4∶1)、阿维菌素与氯虫苯甲酰胺复配组合(4∶1、1∶1和1∶4)和高效氯氟氰菊酯与呋虫胺复配组合(1∶4)具有增效作用。在梨小食心虫暴发为害年份、于梨果不同发育阶段进行田间防效验证, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺1∶4（12.5 mg/kg+50 mg/kg）、呋虫胺与氯虫苯甲酰胺2∶1(25 mg/kg+12.5 mg/kg)和阿维菌素与氯虫苯甲酰胺1∶1(12.5 mg/kg+12.5 mg/kg)对梨小食心虫的防效分别为75.02%~94.81%、50.04%~89.15%和42.90%~90.57%, 其中, 阿维菌素与呋虫胺(1∶4)的防治效果最好。     

台江采育场竹木混交林丰产措施试验

对台江林业采育场现有竹木混交林进行施肥和土壤垦复两种试验，结果表明，不同施肥处理虽有一定增产效果，但经方差分析未达到显著水平；不同土壤垦复措施的增产效果，以深翻加施肥的新竹产量最高，锄草松土居第二，单纯深翻并不理想，效果不如劈山抚育。因而，新兴竹木混交林应以调整竹林结构和护笋养竹为主，每年锄草松土即可达到材用丰产林标准，不宜盲目深翻、施肥。     

草地早熟禾与狗牙根种群动态及种间关系的影响

 以狗牙根和草地早熟禾为材料,用二因素二次正交旋转设计,对9个不同播种比例混播草坪的种群性状进行研究,建立了草坪地上生物量、地下生物量及一致性与狗牙根和草地早熟禾播种量之间显著相关的回归模型。确定了影响草坪性状的主要因子,优化了混播草坪的最佳播种量。