植物秸秆纤维素物理化学改性及其吸附机理研究

采用植物秸秆为原料,借助高压蒸汽闪爆技术、稀碱蒸煮等方法得到具有一定α-纤维素含量的秸秆基纤维素,在此基础上进行碱化、醚化和胺基亲核取代反应,制备出对Cu^2＋和Cd^2＋等重金属离子具有优良吸附性能的乙二胺螯合植物秸秆纤维素,并对其吸附机理进行研究。结果表明,用蒸汽闪爆物理方法可以纯化天然植物秸秆纤维素,制备的吸附材料对金属铜离子、镉离子吸附规律基本符合Freundlish等温吸附式,其等温式中lgC系数分别为0.997和1.159。     

鲜枣片组合干燥技术研究

分别采用真空微波干燥、变温压差干燥和二者组合方式对鲜枣片进行干燥处理。研究不同功率、不同真空度下真空微波干燥的特性,确定鲜枣片真空微波干燥的适宜干燥参数为:功率4 kW,真空度0.05 MPa。研究不同温度、不同真空度和不同物料含水量下变温压差干燥的特性,确定鲜枣片变温压差干燥的适宜参数为:温度60℃,真空度0.05 MPa,含水量16%。以产品色泽、复水比、收缩比、硬度、脆度等品质特性为评价指标,比较真空微波干燥、变温压差干燥和组合干燥3种干燥方式对鲜枣片品质的影响,结果表明组合干燥相比单一干燥可明显提高枣片品质。     

菠萝变温压差膨化干燥前后的理化性质分析

利用变温压差果蔬膨化干燥技术,对菠萝处理前后的理化性质进行了对比分析。结果表明,变温压差膨化干燥处理前后的菠萝脆片,其理化性质发生了变化。膨化产品的硬度、脆度变大,糖浸渍处理对菠萝脆片的护色作用明显,但对膨化产品的微观结构影响不大。     

蒸汽爆破对烟梗色度及内在品质的影响

【目的】探索蒸汽爆破条件对烟梗品质的影响,以提高烟梗在卷烟生产中的可用性。【方法】以制丝线上膨胀前烟梗（汽梗）为研究对象,设定维压压力为0.8,1.0和1.2 MPa,保持时间为30,60,和90 s,采用两因素三水平完全试验设计进行蒸汽爆破处理,测定蒸汽爆破处理（T1~T9）后烟梗的常规化学成分、总细胞壁物质、致香物质含量,检测烟梗色度和膨胀度,分析不同汽爆条件对烟梗色度和内在品质的影响。【结果】经蒸汽爆破处理后,烟梗还原糖和总糖含量降低,而烟碱含量增加,其中T5、T6处理烟梗的糖碱比和两糖比接近于优质烤烟质量,氮碱比相对较低,含氮化合物转化及化学协调性较好,其果胶质含量较汽梗分别降低7.71%和14.59%,半纤维素含量较汽梗分别降低23.95%和18.46%,总细胞壁物质和木质素含量相对较低。与汽梗相比,蒸汽爆破后烟梗的亮度（L）、黄度（b）明显降低,红度（a）和色差值（ΔE）均显著增加,饱和度（C）总体降低,其中T1、T3、T4、T5、T7处理烟梗色度同烟叶较为接近;蒸汽爆破后烟梗芳香族氨基酸降解产物、西柏烷类降解产物和类胡萝卜素降解产物显著降低,而美拉德反应物、叶绿素降解产物和中性致香成分总量明显升高,其中T5处理烟梗致香物质总量最高,促进了美拉德反应物的产生,烟梗膨胀度较高（达到153.02%）,膨胀效果较好。相关性分析表明,蒸汽爆破维压压力和维压持续时间与烟梗主要内在品质具有显著相关性,色度与部分化学品质具有显著相关性。【结论】蒸汽爆破维压压力为1.0 MPa,维压时间为60 s时,烟梗膨胀度达到153.02%,汽爆后烟梗的色度和内在品质相对较好。     

Effect of steam explosion on enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran

In this study, the effect of steam explosion (SE) treatment on microstructure, enzymatic hydrolysis and baking quality of wheat bran was investigated. Coarse and fine bran were treated at different steam temperatures (120–160 °C) and residence times (5 or 10 min) and then hydrolysed with carbohydrase enzymes. The SE treatment increased water extractable arabinoxylan (WEAX) content from 0.75 to 2.06% and reducing sugars from 0.92 to 2.41% for fine bran. The effect was more pronounced with increased SE temperature and residence time. The highest carbohydrate solubilisation was observed in fine bran at SE treatment of 160 °C, 5 min. WEAX content increased to 3.13% when this bran was incubated without enzyme, while WEAX content increased to 9.14% with enzyme addition. Microscopic analysis indicated that cell wall structure of wheat bran was disrupted by severe SE conditions. Supplementation of SE treated (150 °C, 10 min) bran at 20% replacement level decreased the baking quality of bread. However SE followed by enzymatic hydrolysis increased specific volume and decreased crumb hardness (on the day of baking and after three days of storage). Phytic acid content of bread supplemented with SE treated bran was lower than the one supplemented with untreated bran.     

铸造热锻模具钢表面复合强化

研究了Al-C-Ti、Fe-C-Ti、Fe-Al-C-Ti体系热爆反应形成的组织和结构,并结合传统的铸造工艺在铸造模具钢表面形成颗粒增强复合层.研究结果表明：20% Fe-10% Al-C-Ti是较理想的复合体系,其热爆温度低于30% Fe-C-Ti体系,在1 200 ℃热爆反应可充分进行,获得颗粒尺寸为1～2 μm的TiC和少量FeAl.铸造过程中热爆形成的表层增强颗粒与钢发生相互扩散,实现了较好的融合,复合层的厚度达4 mm,硬度得到提高,并呈梯度分布.     

Steam explosion of crop straws improves the characteristics of biochar as a soil amendment

Five crop straws(wheat, rice, maize, oil-rape, and cotton) were first steam-exploded for 2 min at 210°C, 2.5 MPa and then pyrolyzed at 500°C for 2 h. Steam explosion(SE) induced 47–95% and 5–16% reduction of hemicellulose and cellulose, respectively, in the crop straws. The biochars derived from SE-treated feedstocks had a lower specific surface area(SSA) and pore volume, compared to those from pristine feedstocks, with one exception that SE enhanced SSA of oil-rape straw biochar by approximately 16 times. After SE, biochars had significant higher anion exchange capacity(AEC)(6.88–11.44 cmol kg~(–1)) and point of zero net charges(PZNC)(pH 3.61–5.32) values. It can thus be speculated that these biochars may have higher potential for anions adsorption. In addition, oil-rape straw might be suitable to SE pretreatment for preparing biochar as a soil amendment and sorbent as well. Further work is required for testing its application in soil.     

木质纤维生物量一步法(SSF)转化成乙醇的研究(Ι)——木质纤维原料蒸汽爆破预处理的研究

该研究采用蒸汽爆破法 ,以速生毛白杨为原料 ,在爆破时间都为 4min ,爆破压力分别为 1.5 ,2 .0 ,2 .5 ,2 .7MPa的压力条件下 ,研究比较了不同爆破压力对原料得率、产酶活力和纤维素酶解糖化的影响 .研究结果表明 :①在相同条件下 ,随着爆破压力由 1.5MPa升至 2 .7MPa ,原料得率由 84%逐渐降低至 5 1% ;②以不同爆破压力获取的毛白杨原料配合麦麸作为纤维素酶产酶培养基 ,随着爆破压力的增加 ,酶活性也随之增加 ,但也与爆破后原料的纤维素含量有关 .只有爆破后毛白杨原料的纤维素含量高时 ,酶活性才大 .每克干曲酶活力高达 139.3U/ g ;③将经过不同爆破条件预处理的毛白杨木粉进行酶解实验 ,随着爆破压力的增加 ,酶解糖化率也随之增加 ,最高爆破压力 (2 .7MPa)处理过的木粉可使酶解糖化率高达 6 5 .0 % ,比对照提高了 4.0倍 .     

粮食粉爆事故分析与安全评估方法

通过对近20年来我国部分省市发生的重大粮食粉尘爆炸事故的分析，提出了防止粉尘爆炸的安全评价方法。     

热风联合压差膨化干燥对苏99-8毛豆仁风味和品质的影响

使用固相微萃取(HS/SPME)-气质联用(GC/MS)技术对苏99-8毛豆仁鲜样和热风干燥毛豆仁挥发性成分进行分析,同时对2种干燥产品的感官品质、营养成分含量和质构特性进行比较。结果表明,在毛豆仁鲜样、热风干燥和热风联合压差膨化干燥制备的毛豆仁产品中分别检测出32、31、35种风味成分。鲜样中(Z)-3-己烯醇、正己醛、(E)-2-己烯醛、1-辛烯-3酮和1-戊烯-3酮对其风味相对贡献较大。热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁醛类化合物明显增多,出现了杂环类、酯类、酸类及含硫化合物,2-庚烯醛、正己醛、正戊醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-辛烯醇、1-辛烯-3酮、乙酸异丙烯酯、2,3,5-三甲基吡嗪和2,6-二甲基吡嗪、二甲基亚砜对热风联合压差膨化干燥后毛豆仁风味贡献较大,使毛豆具有较浓的豆类清香味和浓厚的焙烤香气,造就了热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁脆粒的独特风味。热风联合压差膨化干燥毛豆仁的感官品质和质构特性明显优于热风干燥毛豆仁。