基于单片段代换系的水稻抽穗期QTL上位性研究

【目的】探索水稻抽穗期的遗传机制.【方法】以华粳籼74的8个单片段代换系为材料,构建了7个聚合了双QTL的次级F2作图群体,并通过分子标记的选择区分出每个群体的9种基因型以估算水稻抽穗期QTL的各类上位性分量.【结果和结论】除QTL HD3/HD8间的上位性互作不显著外,其他QTL对均存在显著的上位性效应,占85.7%;在检测的28个不同类型的上位性效应中,有60.7%的估计值达到5%或1%的显著水平,其中加加、加显或显加、显显上位性分别占71.3%、42.8%、85.6%.研究结果进一步证实了上位性作用在数量性状遗传体系中的普遍性和重要性,并为水稻抽穗期的分子聚合育种提供了依据和材料.     

QTLs for Fusarium head blight response in a wheat DH population of Wangshuibai/Alondra‘s’

Summary A doubled haploid (DH) wheat population derived from the cross Wangshuibai/Alondra‘s’ was developed through chromosome doubling of haploids generated by anther culture of hybrids. Fusarium head blight (FHB) was evaluated for three years from 2001 to 2003 in Jianyang, Fujian Province, China, where epidemics of FHB have been consistently severe. After 307 pairs of simple sequence repeat (SSR) primers were screened, 110 pairs were polymorphic between Wangshuibai and Alondra`s’, and used to construct a genetic linkage map for detection of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). A stable QTL for low FHB severity was detected on chromosomes 3B over all three years, and QTLs on chromosomes 5B, 2D, and 7A were detected over two years. Additional QTLs on chromosomes 3A, 3D, 4B, 5A, 5D, 6B and 7B showed marginal significance in only one year. Six QTLs were detected when phenotypic data from three years were combined. In addition, significant additive-by-additive epistasis was detected for a QTL on 6A although its additive effect was not significant. Additive effects (A) and additive-by-additive epistasis (AA) explained a major portion of the phenotypic variation (76.5%) for FHB response. Xgwm533-3B and Xgwm335-5B were the closest markers to QTLs, and have potential to be used as selectable markers for marker-assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.     

The Tolerance to Aluminum of Triticum N-Genome Amphiploids

Aluminum limits wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields on acid soils. An aluminum-tolerant, N-genome Triticum species was used to produce amphiploids, which were tested lor tolerance to 0.44 mM aluminum in solution, to assess the possibility of transferring tolerance to bread wheat. Two types of amphiploids, having the N-genomc (Triticum uniaristatum) in common, were produced by treating three different Triticum ventricosum (DDNN) ×Triticum turgidum (AABB) hybrids and a single Triticum ventricosun×Triticum timopheevii (AABB) hybrid with colchicine. It would appear that the N-genome amphiploids can be utilized to transfer tolerance to aluminum to cultivated Triticum species and to study the genetics of tolerance in the N genome.     

Genetics of grains per spike in durum wheat under normal and late planting conditions

Parental, F₁, F₂, BC₁, BC₂, BC₁₁, BC₁₂, BC₂₁, BC₂₂, BC₁ self and BC₂ selfed generations of three crosses involving six cultivars of durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were studied for grains per spike under normal and late sown environments to analyze the nature of gene effects. A 10-parameter model did not fully account for the differences among the generation means. In two cases more complex interactions or linkage were involved in the inheritance of grains per spike in durum. Both digenic and trigenic epistatic interactions had a role in controlling the inheritance of grains per spike, however, trigenic interactions contributed more than digenic interactions. Non-fixable gene effects were many times higher than fixable ones in all three crosses and in both sowing environments indicating a major role of non-additive gene effects in the inheritance of this trait. Duplicate epistasis between sets of three genes under both environments was recorded for the cross Raj 911 × DWL 5002. Epistatic interactions, particularly the trigenic ones, contributed the maximum significant heterosis. Epistatic interactions involving dominance in the F₂ generations caused significant inbreeding depression. Selective diallel mating and/or biparental mating could be used for amelioration of grains per spike in durum wheat.     

Genetics of fertility restoration of ‘Wild Abortive’ cytoplasmic male sterility in rice,Oryza sativa L.

Summary Genetics of fertility restoration in six varieties and breeding lines of rice was studied in Wild Abortive cytoplasmic genetic male sterility system using cytoplasmic male sterile lines V 20 A and IR 54752 A. Fertility evaluation of the plants in F₂ and testcross populations of the crosses of V 20 A with PR 103, PR 106 and PAU 502-94-1, and IR 54752 A with PAU 1124-36-1 and PAU 1126-1-1 revealed that fertility restoration in PR 103, PR 106, PAU 502-94-1, PAU 1124-36-1 and PAU 1126-1-1 was controlled by two independently segregating dominant genes. The two genes appeared to have additive effects; one of them being stronger than the other in imparting fertility restoration. Data on spikelet fertility of the plants in F₂ and testcross populations of V 20 A/UPR 82-1-1 cross showed that fertility restoration in UPR 82-1-1 was controlled by two independently segregating dominant genes which exhibited recessive epistatic interaction.

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Epistasis in Maize (Zea mays L.) III. Comparison of Single and Three-Way Crosses for Forage Traits

The importance of epistasis for forage performance and quality traits was studied in early maturing European maize (Zea mays L.) breeding materials. Sixty-six three-way crosses (3W), 33 of the flint x (dent · dent) and 33 of the dem × (flint · flint) type, were compared with the mean of their respective non-parental single crosses () using data obtained in six environments. For each of the 11 traits examined, at least 6 out of the 66 three-way crosses displayed significant (P < 0.05) epistatic deviations, calculated as – 3W. Averaged over crosses and environments, epistatic deviations were highly significant (P < 0,31] for 8 trails, but of minor importance except for grain yield. In general, the variance of epistatie deviations was appreciably smaller than the variance of genotype × environment interactions. Highly significant correlations occurred among epistatie deviations for silking date, dry matter content of ear, and dry matter yield of grain and stover. The reliability of predicting the performance of three-way crosses from 2W as opposed to assessing them directly was investigated as a function of the number of test environments. Disturbing e fleets of epistasis on prediction only became important under intense testing (> 3 or 4 environments), With fewer test environments, both procedures were almost equivalent, due to a smaller influence of genotype × environment interaction on the values, Epistasis is concluded to be of minor importance with regard to the optimum type of hybrid for forage use.     

Pyramiding genes for resistance to bean common mosaic virus

Summary Gene pyramiding in Phaseolus vulgaris is being utilized to develop more effective resistance to the temperature-insensitive-necrosis-inducing (TINI) strains of Bean Common Mosaic Virus (BCMV) present in the USA. Our data indicate that contrary to previous work, the bc-3 gene is effective against these strains in the absence of the strain unspecific bc-u gene in genotypes possessing the I gene. The epistatic bc-3 gene interferes with traditional efforts to pyramid the other recessive resistance genes by masking their activity. Indirect selection based on markers linked to the other recessive resistance genes would likewise be ineffective without the ability to also select for the bc-u gene which is required for expression of the bc-2 ² gene in germplasm carrying the I gene. Because the most resistant genotype (I, bc-u, bc-I ², bc-2², bc-3) can only be introduced into a wide range of germplasm through the use of molecular markers linked to the different resistance genes, the search for a marker linked to the strain unspecific bc-u gene should also be given priority.     

Adaptation of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) to Northern European agriculture: studies on developmental pattern

The inheritance of resistance to clubroot, caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae in Brassica oleracea was studied in the F₁, F₂and backcross progenies of three crosses between resistant and susceptible doubled haploid lines. Fresh weights of affected (CW) and healthy (HRW) parts of the root system were measured and R = ln((HRW+0.5)/(CW+0.5)) was used as a measure of resistance. R was shown to have a normally distributed error term with a constant standard deviation over the entire scale. Analysis of means indicated the presence of two complementary resistance genes in one of the crosses. In the other two crosses analysis of means also indicated two-locus interactions, in these cases reducing the cumulative effects of loci homozygous for resistance or for susceptibility alleles. The numbers of segregating resistance genes in these two crosses could not be determined. The presence of epistatic interactions precluded analysis of variance; therefore in this case the measurements were not more informative than the symptom grades analyzed in a previous study.R showed a high rank correlation (-0.85) with symptom grades assigned to the same plants. The results of genetic analyses of R were generally in agreement with those obtained earlier using symptom grades. Symptom grades can therefore be regarded as a reliable measure of symptom development, despite their more subjective nature.     

植物显性核不育恢复性遗传的理论研究

植物雄性显性核不育的恢复基因已在甘蓝型油菜、谷子、水稻和大白菜等8种作物中发现。关于恢复性遗传机制的解释有复等位基因和显性上位作用两种假说。本文从理论上详细讨论了两种假说下共8种可能情况的遗传后果,并证明仅根据不育株×恢复系的F_1,F_2,F_3和回交世代的育性分离情况,很难准确区分这两种机制的各种可能。本文提出了准确区分这两种假说下各种情况的遗传设计。     

水稻根系活力的遗传分析

 以典型籼粳交(窄叶青8号/京系17) F1代花培加倍的DH群体为材料，在抽穗期用TTC法考察根系活力。利用已构建的分子连锁图谱，采用区间作图法对根系活力进行QTL分析，在第4染色体的RG449和RG809之间检测到一个QTL。用Epistat软件分析影响根系活力的单个位点和位点间的互作，结果在RG809附近检测到一个单基因，并检测到2个条件型互作和4对互适型互作，这些位点分布在第1、2、4、7、8、9和11染色体上。