Who benefits from international tourism in small Pacific islands? Value capture in the hotel industry in Hawaii

There is a consensus among small Pacific islands that the extent to which they benefit from international tourism largely depends on how much of the value created by tourism remains in the local economy. This study examines how the value created in the hotel industry is distributed among the key stakeholders in a small Pacific island context. We used aggregated income statements of full-service and limited-service hotels from the STR Inc., a hotel industry data company, to calculate the value distribution among the key stakeholders in the hotel industry of a small Pacific island. We found that labour and owners captured most of the value created, whereas hotel management companies and franchisors captured a small share of the value. Our results suggest that tourism workers' ability to take united action and hence to negotiate higher wages will result in higher value capture by local labour and less value leaking out of the local economy. Our results also reveal that foreign ownership in the hotel industry is the single largest cause of economic leakages. The study has several implications for the tourism-based growth policies in small Pacific islands.     

Forest negotiations at the United Nations: explaining cooperation and discord

The paper examines the three rounds of intergovernmental negotiations that took place in the period 1990–2000. These are the UNCED forest negotiations (1990–1992), the Intergovernmental Panel on Forests (1995–1997) and the Intergovernmental Forum on Forests (1997–2000). During this period negotiations became less conflictual and more cooperative. The paper explains this shift with reference to bargaining theory. There are two broad approaches to bargaining theory (although the names used to describe these approaches vary between theorists). The first is the distributive/positional approach where actors view each other as adversaries, outcomes are decided according to the relative strength of the actors, and negotiation is seen as a zero-sum game. The second is the integrative/principled approach where actors view each other more as partners addressing a common problem, outcomes are decided according to principles and fair standards, and negotiation is seen as a positive-sum game. The UNCED forest negotiations were characterised almost entirely by distributive/positional bargaining, whereas the IPF/IFF process saw a movement towards the integrative/principled model made possible by an emphasis on less politically contentious issues. There were three results to this. First, a new body of soft international law on forests, the IPF/IFF Proposals for Action, was agreed. Second, an international forests regime emerged during the 1990s (of which the IPF/IFF proposals are a significant part). Third, states have agreed to create a new forests body, the United Nations Forum on Forests.     

Factors Affecting the Ability of the Enterprise Bargaining in the Skills-based Cooperation

In the skills-based cooperation,the authors carry on the questionnaire survey about the factors affecting the ability of the enterprise bargaining.The formal questionnaire is established by exploratory factor anlysis with SPSS11.0 software.After processing data,theauthors gain the factors that influence entrprise bargaining power:learning ability,promises,craftsmanship investment,the final cost.The structure equation model between the four factors and the bargaining power is tested with Amous 4.0 software.The learning ability is fonnd,which conduces to improve the enterprise bargaining power.However,the promises have the obstructive effect.     

Game Analysis of Vertical Cooperative Advertising with Price Discount

This paper studies the problem of cooperative advertising of two-echelon supply chain when the manufacturer offers a price deduction to consumers. And the equilibrium outcomes in a two-stage game and a coordinated co-op game are discussed and compared respectively. The results demonstrate that, under a certain condition, the retailer will increase local advertising effort if the manufacturer offers more price discount to customers directly. For any given price discount, the total profit for the supply chain with cooperative scheme is always higher than that with the non-cooperative scheme, and we find that the price discount will only be suitable for the merchandise with price sensitive demand. Then the Nash bargaining model is utilized to determine the allocation of the entire system profit gain. Finally, a numerical example is given to confirm the above conclusion.     

辩诉交易在中国的适用

辩诉交易是美国刑事诉讼中的一项重要制度,它可以有效地减轻司法系统的负担,节省司法资源。辩诉交易违背了我国的司法改革方向和目标,且无法保证其公正性,现阶段我国不宜引进。     

试析美国辩诉交易中控辩力量对比及其启示

辩诉交易制度产生并盛行于美国是与其奉行当事人主义和正当程序的诉讼价值理念分 不开的，更与以其理念为基础的保障控辩双方力量平衡的完备的制度有关，如:律师辩护制度、检察官自由裁量制度等等。其价值理念及制度对他国特别是中国的司法借鉴不无参考价值。     

草原牧区生态与经济互动途径研究

生态优良、经济发展是国家、地方和居民追求的共同目标,但在特定的时空条件下这三者的利益却存在着矛盾和冲突。区域经济与生态发展的不平衡导致不同区域的地方政府对中央政府同一政策的不同响应。地域差异决定了适用于一个地方的规律或考核指标并不能适应于所有区域。这就要进行分类治理因地制宜。在经济落后的区域应该强化国家行为,实行生态购买和生态补偿,明确国家的生态供给权、地方的生态保护权和居民生态经济享有权;在经济发达的区域应该推行更加市场化的方式,推行牧权交易实现生态交易,明确国家、地方和居民的生态权利与生态义务的统一,强调经济繁荣和生态优美的统一和结合。     

将私法自治原则引入刑法有利于“惩罚犯罪保护人民”

刑罚的目的是“惩罚犯罪保护人民”。而将私法自治原则引入刑事诉讼,可增强双方当事人的自主性,有利于解决纠纷,维护被害人利益,促进社会和谐。     

基于核Fisher判别分析视频运动目标的分类

研究了三方相互威慑讨价还价问题，从合作博弈的角度建立了三方相互威慑讨价还价模型.并且通过对均衡存在性和冲突可能性的分析，给出了三方相互威慑问题冲突发生的条件以及存在均衡状态时的均衡解.最后通过实验验证了本文分析的正确性.     

农户异质性与议价能力差异——基于“农超对接”模式的实证分析

通过搜集来自河北、浙江两省6市12县,共418份参与“农超对接”的农户数据,运用双边随机前沿分析,对“农超对接”过程中农户与超市的议价能力差异进行测算.研究发现:(1)农超对接交易双方的议价能力对农户最终收益的确定具有重要影响,并且超市具有更强的议价能力和决定权;(2)农户的年龄对农户最终收益的影响呈现出倒“U”型曲线关系;(3)农户自身的异质性对于农户的议价能力和净剩余具有一定影响.提出了相应建议以缩小因信息不对称所带来的议价能力差异.