Reproduction in three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) from rainforest streams in northern Queensland, Australia

Abstract – The reproductive biology of three species of rainbowfish (Melanotaeniidae) in northeastern Australian rainforest streams was investigated. Two species, Melanotaenia eachamensis and Cairnsichthys rhombosomoides are endemic to the area, whereas the third, M. splendida splendida, is more widespread. The species were all highly fecund, producing many hundreds of eggs between 1.10 and 1.24 mm in diameter. Melanotaenia eachamensis was the most fecund, produced the largest eggs of the three species, and consequently exhibited the greatest maternal investment (as measured by gonadosomatic index). The majority of reproductive effort occurred during the dry season, although reproductively active fish were present year-round for each of the species, but particularly so for M. s. splendida and C. rhombosomoides. No evidence for a role by temperature or photoperiod as environmental cues for reproduction was found, and it was suggested that gonad development was strongly tied to somatic growth. The concentration of reproduction to the dry season ensures that larvae are produced during a period of relatively stable and benign physical conditions. Comparison of temporal changes in gonadosomatic index values suggest that the spawning season of M. eachamensis , which occurs in high-elevation streams, is more restricted and commences about 1 month earlier than either other species. A similar phenology was observed for the M. s. splendida population found at high elevation and highlights the potential for spatial differences in stream productivity to influence life history. ^Note     

The re-emergence of indigenous forest in an urban environment, Christchurch, New Zealand

Christchurch, the second largest city in New Zealand is a planned city on a coastal plain on the east coast of the South Island. The birth of the city and the subsequent century of development was characterised by colonial values and tree and garden planting with familiar European species along with those from Australia, North America, and eventually all other continents. The image of an “English garden city” with classical parks of oaks and willow-lined rivers became the accepted norm and the way in which the city has been promoted to potential tourists. Gardening is one of the top two recreational activities and exotic species greatly outnumber native species in the flora and in gardens. This has had serious consequences for the highly fragmented and degraded indigenous vegetation and its co-adapted wildlife. A few hardy indigenous species continued to regenerate through this period, but since the 1970s, there has been a progressive change of attitude and interest in reclaiming the natural heritage of the city, manifest in widespread private and public planting of indigenous species and active habitat restoration. In this article we examine the indigenous and exotic shrub and tree components of the Christchurch flora as planted street trees, in domestic gardens, and in parks. We also present data on shrub and tree regeneration in parks and domestic gardens in the city. Indications are that the more sensitive, less intrusive management of urban environments, combined with the greater density of indigenous seed sources, has allowed regeneration of a wide range of indigenous species across a broad spectrum of habitats – from neglected gardens to pavement cracks to exotic plantations. This is despite the competition from the prodigious seed banks and density of exotic trees, shrubs, and ground covers and albeit minimal impacts of introduced browsing and seed eating mammals. If the present trends continue through appropriate management and facilitation, these tentative signs of native forest regeneration should eventually proliferate into a sustainable mixed origin urban forest that resurrects and preserves the natural character of the region.     

精准施肥技术的研究现状及在热带作物上的应用前景

精准施肥是当前农业发展的热点,而热带作物产业是我国农业体系的重要组成部分,是热区建设社会主义新农村的重要支撑产业。通过对精准施肥技术概念和研究现状的阐述,提出在我国热带作物产业发展中精准施肥技术的关键问题,并提出了无变量施肥设备的精准施肥。     

云和县生态公益林的发展现状与管理对策

对云和县生态公益林的资源和发展现状进行了调查分析,提出了今后云和县生态公益林的发展对策,以实现生态公益林的持续、稳定和健康发展。     

基于Landsat的高山松地上生物量动态变化估测模型构建

以香格里拉市高山松为研究对象,基于1987—2017年的国家森林资源清查固定样地和对应年的Landsat TM/OLI数据提取对应的遥感因子,计算30 a期间生物量和遥感因子的5、10 a定期变化量、年平均变化量、5、10 a变化率;采用多元线性回归（MLR）和随机森林（RF）方法构建地上生物量模型,提高高山松森林AGB动态变化遥感估测的精度。结果表明：基于5种变化量类型的RF模型效果均优于相应的MLR模型,RF模型中采用5 a变化率效果最好,其拟合R²为0.956,RMSE为0.664 t/(hm²·a),预测结果中RMSE为2.285 t/(hm²·a);纹理因子在高山松地上生物量变化量建模中贡献最大。采用遥感因子变化率构建的高山松地上生物量动态变化估测模型,提高了生物量变化的估测精度,可为森林地上生物量的动态估测研究提供参考。     

云南片断化热带雨林生物多样性变化研究

鉴于目前热带地区生境破碎化和热带森林片断化已不可避免,基于以往的各种研究,总结了热带季节性雨林片段化后对生态和生物多样性等的影响。结果表明：片断化后,一些植物分类群（种、属、科）的优势度明显改变,单位面积上物种数减少了,并且干扰越严重且片断的面积越小,物种减少越明显;在生活型构成上,藤本植物和小高位芽植物相对增加,而附生植物,大、中高位芽植物和地上芽植物相对减少,同时发现具有较小种群的树种在片断雨林中会首先消失。在片断化的热带季节性雨林里,不同生态种组的物种发生了显著变化,阳性和先锋植物种类增加,耐阴和阴生植物种类减少;随着热带季节性雨林的片断化,其组成物种也发生了系统发育结构的改变：系统发育关系由聚集变为离散。热带季节性雨林片断化后,林缘产生了明显的“边缘效应”,森林边缘单位面积植物种数和个体数明显多于森林内部,并以藤本植物的增加最为显著;干扰越大的片断热带雨林,林缘和林内阳性植物的比例越大,差值越小;林缘优势植物科的数量相对增加了,即林缘种类主要集中在一些含先锋树种较多的科中,而林内的少种科的比例较高。热带季节性雨林主要通过林下存在的幼苗、幼树库来更新,林下种植会破坏热带雨林更新所依赖的幼苗、幼树库, 使热带雨林丧失更新能力。热带雨林变为橡胶林后,原来的物种极端丰富的乔木层变为仅由单一树种橡胶组成的乔木层,物种多样性大量丧失。     

热带与南亚热带植物生态类型多样性的应用

在适地适树配植的基础上,以光、水和土壤3个自然因素为要素,将数百种热带、南亚热带植物归纳为9个生态类型,以期为种植设计提供参考。     

发挥热带农业特色促进惠农民生建设

阐述根据地域特点发展差异化产品,以特色和精品实现农业增效;统筹整合涉农组织．在产业链的利润中维护农民利益;发展热带特色农业观光园区,服务国际旅游岛建设,提升农村的公共服务水平,从而在海南实现农业发展、农民增收、农村进步的全民小康社会。     

长白山次生白桦林数量特征

对长白山1hm2次生白桦林样地的研究结果表明:样地内共有活立木2550株,分属于14科23种;从株密度、平均胸径及胸高断面积等分析看,白桦和落叶松在林分中占有绝对优势;样地内所有林木的径级分布为"S"型,白桦、落叶松和红松的径级分布近似于正态分布,水曲柳和春榆的径级分布近似于倒"J"型;从径级结构分析看,白桦和落叶松等先锋树种的小径级林木在林下分布很少,更新很差,而红松、水曲柳等寿命较长的树种在林下已经占有很大的比例,更新良好,随着演替的进展,它们将逐渐进入主林层;从主要树种的空间分布格局分析看,落叶松在样地中表现出了明显的聚集性分布格局,而白桦、水曲柳、红松和春榆没有表现出明显的聚集性分布格局.     

西北太平洋热带气旋统计分析及其与大气季节内振荡的关系

利用热带气旋最佳路径数据集统计分析了1961—2011年发生于西北太平洋热带气旋频数的时间序列特征,发现热带气旋的频数有减少的趋势。通过多年月平均OLR资料的EOF分析发现,OLR与气旋频数成较好的负相关。再选取2004年为个例,通过对OLR作EOF分析和200 hPa速度势的距平合成分析来研究热带大气季节内振荡对热带气旋的调制作用,研究结果表明:西北太平洋45 d的低频振荡非常活跃;气旋源地与振荡中心在空间分布上有很好的相关性。